Childhood Obesity And Epidemiology Health And Social Care Essay

The survey of distribution and determiners of health-related jobs or events in a specific population is epidemiology. The application of this survey is to command the wellness job ( Stanhope & A ; Lancaster, 2008, p 220 ) . Epidemiologists study wellness related jobs like infective disease, chronic unwellnesss, environmental issues, and identified hazard factors and interventions. These surveies â€Å" enable us to understand the association between larning disablements and exposure to lead-based pigment dust, asthma aggravation and air pollution, and GI disease and waterborne Cryptosporidia. Environmental surveillance, such as childhood lead registers, provides informations with which to track and analyse incidence and prevalence of wellness results † ( Stanhope & A ; Lancaster, 2008, 240 ) The epidemiology triangle long-run effects of being an fleshy stripling is that there is a 70 % opportunity of them going overweight or corpulent grownups and 80 % if one or more parent in the place A is fleshy or corpulent. When fleshiness in childhood falls over into maturity, it increases the hazard of a general hapless wellness position. â€Å" In 2000, the entire cost of fleshiness for kids and grownups in the United States was estimated to be $ 117 billion where $ 61 billion are direct medical costs. † ( The World and I, 2006 ) . Childhood fleshiness has many finding factors, the most outstanding factors being theA deficiency of physical activity, unhealthy feeding, genetic sciences and societal factors, † socio-economic position, race/ethnicity, media and selling, and the physical environment. ( Kumanyika, 2008 ) . In general, eating more foodsA at fast nutrient eating houses than they are eating at place, imbibing more sugary drinks, and noshing on more unhealthy nutrients like french friess and french friess often has become prevailing among kids and striplings. This alteration is contributed to the American demand for convenience. A big per centum of kids ‘s leisure clip comes from Americans ‘ demand for watching telecasting, utilizing the computing machine, and playing video games occupy, which are act uponing their physical activity degrees. â€Å" It is estimated that kids in the United States are passing 25 % of their waking hours watching telecasting and statistically, kids who wat ch the most hours of telecasting have the highest incidence of fleshiness. † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . This tendency is evident and a major hazard factor to child goon fleshiness because while the sedentary activity of watching Television and picture games normally involves the composing of repasts high in fat. Along with the dietetic alterations that affect childhood fleshiness, schools are besides lending by diminishing the sum of free drama allowed for kids during school. There are merely a 3rd of American simple schools, allow kids to hold day-to-day physical instruction, and merely a 5th of the simple schools have extracurricular actives for the kids to take part in. â€Å" Daily registration in physical instruction categories among high school pupils decreased from 42 % in 1991 to 25 % in 1995, later increasing somewhat to 28 % in 2003 † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p 1 ) . Surveies have showed that when parents eat fruits and veggies and they are readily available the penchants for kids to wantA such an point as a pick of bite are increased † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . Researchers besides indicate that the societal context in which a kid is introduced to or has experiences with nutrient is instrumental in determining nutrient penchants the feeding environment that a kid is involved in will find the feeding pattern the kid will do in his or her life-time ( Birch, 2006 ) . â€Å" For many kids, feeding is a societal event that frequently times occurs in the presence of parents, other grownups, older siblings and equals. Children typically observe the behaviours and penchants of others in their milieus. This becomes the function theoretical accounts. Children observation in unhealthy eating wonts and behaviours has brought a rise in childhood weight jobs † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Constraints on parent ‘s clip potentially contribute to kids ‘s weight jobs, as working parents likely rely more to a great extent than non-working parents on prepared, processed, and fast nutrients, which by and large have high Calorie, high fat, and low nutritionary content. i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Children left unsupervised after school may do hapless nutritionary picks and prosecute in more sedentary activities. i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Childcare suppliers may non offer as many chances for physical activity and may offer less alimentary nutrient options. i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Unsupervised kids may pass a great trade of clip indoors, possibly because of safety concerns, watching Television or playing video games instead than prosecuting in more active out-of-door chases. â€Å" ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010 ) . In short, the alterations in American society, peculiarly societal and economic alterations, have encouraged unhealthy wonts of extra ingestion. â€Å" These alterations have [ influenced ] the nutrients available in the places, the grade of influence parents have when kids make nutrient choices and has led to additions in sedentary behaviours among young person. † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . Finally there has been a big argument over whether or non overexposure to nutrient advertisement has increased the incidence rates of childhood fleshiness. â€Å" Furthermore, an accrued organic structure of research reveals that more than 50 per centum of telecasting advertizements directed at kids promote nutrients and drinks such as confect, convenience nutrients, bite nutrients, sugar sweetened drinks and sweetened breakfast cereals that are high in Calories and fat and low in fibre and alimentary denseness. The statistics on nutrient advertisement to kids indicate that: i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Annual gross revenues of nutrients and drinks to immature consumers exceeded $ 27 billion in 2002. i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Food and drink advertizers jointly spend $ 10 to $ 12 billion yearly to make kids and young person: more than $ 1 billion is spent on media publicizing to kids ( chiefly on telecasting ) ; more than $ 4.5 billion is spent on youth-targeted public dealingss ; and $ 3 billion is spent on packaging designed for kids. i‚ ·A A A A A A A A Fast nutrient mercantile establishments spend $ 3 billion in telecasting ads targeted to kids † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . There are a figure of root causes of fleshiness in kids. However, taking merely one or two chief causes or factors is impossible given the current information because the possible influences of fleshiness have many interlacing factors. â€Å" Another research spread stems from deficiency of a perspective longitudinal survey that links dietetic and other behaviour forms to development of fleshiness. Another complication of current informations is that there is a demand for more precise and dependable steps of dietetic consumption and activity degrees, as single callback of events and diet are non the most reliable beginnings for information † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p1 ) . Early bar of fleshiness is indispensable in more is understood about how genetic sciences is involved. â€Å" Research is merely get downing to explicate how gustatory sensation penchants develop, their biochemical underpinnings and how this information may be utile in controling chi ldhood weight addition. † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010, p 1 ) . â€Å" Primary bar is non an option for many kids who are already fleshy. Research on successful intercessions for kids who are fleshy or at hazard of going corpulence is highly of import to cut down efficaciously childhood fleshiness in this state. † ( Maternal and Child Health Library, 2008 ) . â€Å" However, the basicss are clear, to remain healthy, eat a balanced diet and give equal clip to physical activity. † ( Department of Health and Human Services, 2010 ) . This will assist epidemiologists and maintain down the cost of going healthy.

Global Warming Essay Essay

‘The earth has a fever, and the fever is rising†¦ We are what is wrong and we must make it right’ (Al Gore, 2007) In the context of global warming, discuss the extent to which you agree with this statement. Global warming has been happening for millions of years through periods of glacial’s and interglacial’s. The last glacial period occurred during the last years of the Pleistocene, approximately 110,000 to 12,000 years ago and ever since then the earth has been warming up. However the change between the heating and cooling used to be for natural reasons but now scientist are beginning to think that humans may be effecting this change meaning that the earth is warming. Climate change (a long term change in weather) can be seen from many sources. Historical evidence, such as agriculture reports, as it indirectly show different conditions as different crops grow better in different conditions and weather records can be used to show the weather in the past and the present (only since records began in 1861) which show a detailed change in the climate in only a short period of time. Physical evidence can also show climate change. Ice cores, sea sediment, a change in sea level and retreating glaciers all can show heating and cooling. Ice cores can be analysed as every year a new layer of ice will form and so the trapped gases from each year can be analysed. Sediments on the sea floor can similarly be analysed for the amount of O-16 or O-18 gas is present, as a colder climates would have more O-18 present. Sea level change is affected by changes such as ice melting, so if glaciers are retreating further there will be more water in the sea therefore it will rise. Finally biological evidence can be used as a source. Pollen analysis can date pollen to see when it was deposited, and then they can work out what the climate was like by seeing the conditions plants live in now. Tree rings can also be used, this is a similar method to ice cores, since a new ring grows every year so you can date the tree and then look at the thickness of each ring to tell what the climate was like. All this can show evidence that the temperature of the climate is rising and global warming is happening. The rate at which the global temperature is rising in unheard of in historical terms and scientists believe that is mainly down to humans. Increasing amounts of CO2 and methane gas are major contributors to global warming as they trap much of the long wave radiation trying to escape. Humans add to the volume of CO2 in the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels, such as coal and oil. Since the mid 19th century CO2 has increased form 280ppm to 380ppm. Deforestation removes plant that absorb CO2 so not as much goes into the atmosphere so when they are cut down they stop taking in CO2 meaning that there is more in the atmosphere rather than organic matter. CO2 is also released when trees as burnt. One other human activity that releases methane and nitrous oxides is farming. Nitrous oxides are released into the atmosphere when farmers use fertilisers. Livestock produce a lot of methane which all goes into the atmosphere. And also rice paddy fields emit methane. The causes of global warming are majorly to do with human activities, and we must change what we do. The impact of what we do on the earth has huge global impacts. Precipitation patterns will change and mid to high latitudes will receive a lot more precipitation and drier areas are likely to get drier for example Africa and Central America. This is due to changes in ocean circulation and wind patterns. These changes will also cause more major weather evens such as floods, droughts and storms. The spread of heat related illness could rise in countries that are more likely to get droughts now and food-borne illnesses may increase too as temperatures rise. Also disease vectors will be able to move to more countries that are currently too cold so malaria could become more of a problem. In some areas higher temperatures and less rain fall will reduce river flow and ground water flow so reservoirs may dry up, this could cause conflict between countries as in some areas water supply is likely to decrease by 10% by 2020. Food productivity may become a problem as well for a similar reason, however the type of crops grown may change in areas to crops that prefer that areas weather condition. The melting of glaciers and ice caps cause a rise in sea level which means habitats are lost and it will cause flooding in coastal areas and low lying areas this could mean that areas of SE Asia will be lost as well as islands  in the Pacific and Indian ocean. These impacts reflect the problems of the earths ‘fever’ and we need to respond to them to put it right again. The response at a global level, to global warming, have been to put a protocol together, called the Kyoto Protocol, aimed at reducing emissions. This agreement was formed in 1997 in order to monitor and reduce greenhouse gases. Developing countries and developed countries are both included in the scheme, developed countries had to cut emissions by 5% of their 1990 level between 2008 and 2012 and developing countries just need to monitor their levels so that they don’t rise. In order to persuade countries to keep to this incentives are given in the form of carbon credits, which countries can then sell to other countries if they are struggling. However the four countries with the highest CO2 emissions did not sign up originally in fear of it effecting their growth and economy. Responses at a national level are also helpful. Changing the energy mix of the country to use more renewable energy sources will reduce green house emissions from power stations, for example in the UK a 40% reduction of emissions by 2020 will be achieved by changing the energy mix. Also carbon capture will cut the amount of CO2 as it transports the excess CO2 to places where it can be stored safely. This has the potential to reduce emissions by 90%. Encouraging home owners to reduce fuel consumption in there homes would also help and giving financial incentives to people who create there own energy from renewable resources will hopefully help cut emissions. Furthermore if people were to use their cars less and chose to use public transport, walk or cycle emissions will be cut further. Many cities have now set up park and ride schemes, for example Oxford, so that you don’t have to take you car as far. Finally local responses to climate change include recycling more so there is less waste going to land fill, which produces methane gas and choosing energy efficient appliances as many old appliances produce 50% more emissions then new technologies. These are some things that we have to do to lower the temperature of the earth. In conclusion, Al Gore’s statement, I feel, is correct as we are contributing to the effects of global warming by emitting more CO2 and methane gas into the atmosphere so much of the long wave radiation cannot escape. I think  that all international, national and local are all-important, as they will all bring positive consequences to responding to global warming even if some have better affects than others. I believe that the international is the most important since it’s on such a huge scale the affects should be just as big. Recycling and using energy wisely are very easy and if everyone took these actions then the affects of global warming would be reducing massively. I think for these local responses to work the government should spend extensive money on promoting them – more so than they do already. If all these actions were put in place we would hopefully put the temperature back to where it belongs.

Individual project 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual project 2 - Assignment Example In both cases, window-shopping is the order of the day. Customers move around as they select the products they think are best suitable for them (Garrett 2007). However, in the case of the store, the difference is that there is an attendant nearby who is ready to address to the needs of the customers. In the other hand, the web store as a section called live chat where the attendants can chat lively so that they can address the needs of the online shoppers. On the part of completing purchases, the customers are provided with the receipts upon successful payments. However, the store accepts various ways of affecting the payment process such as cash, cheque, credits cards, as well as mobile phone money transfers (Gronroos 2006). In the other hand, the web store has a little similarity as far as closing a purchase is concerned. In the first place, it also accepts credit cards and mobile phone money transfers just like the store. However, it does not accept cash, and cheque. The image portrayed in the brick and mortar store is building materials with different arrays of the blocks. However, there is also a small section of a Manson indicating how those bricks do look like when used to build a house. To an extent, it fits the segmentation strategy because they have managed to cater for the needs of different customers of different age groups as well as that belongs to different economic classes. Looking carefully, the online store is more successful as compared to the actual store. This is because it has already attracted large number of customers looking at daily sales on the web site. Furthermore, the display itself at the website is more appealing than the actual store. This is not to mention the fact that it is available to everybody irrespective of his/her location in this planet earth. All needed is the web address of the store where the customers can converge and view the products they are offering (Garrett 2007). Looking at the customers

Time is money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Time is money - Essay Example The writer loves food so he learnt to cook. However, his musician friend rather chooses to pay for his lunch so as to be able to spend more time doing what he loves to do, which is music. According to writer, people spend their scarce time and money on doing things that endow them with higher utility or provide them with a relatively higher remuneration. Nobody has enough time and money to invest them on learning everything. That is why people choose to pay others for the products and services they avail from them, by spending the money they earn doing things they love to do or that provide them with a higher remuneration. Division of labor is the direct outcome of the scarcity of time and resources. The given article teaches much about the opportunity cost. Thereby, as per the article, if a person chooses to do the work he loves, she is not left with enough time to spend it on learning a variety of other things. Hence, to be able to do the things a person loves, one has to forgo doing many other things, which is the opportunity cost of choosing to do one specific thing. Hence, while procuring services, people act as the typical economic man and resort to rational thinking. They clearly assort the objectives they intend to achieve in life and allocate their time and money in a way that harmonizes with and furthers the objectives they intend to achieve in life. For example a musician may choose to learn to play guitar instead of learning to cook or repair cars, because she loves music and it is her profession. To make the best use of their time and money, people resort to trade offs and chose the best possible alternatives that suit their liking and pocket, while choosing a profe ssion or acquiring skills. With the money they earn for this work, they prefer to pay people who specialize in other vocations or skills, which they don’t know and don’t have the time to or aptitude learn. This article also teaches much about the scarcity or limited nature

The effect of Spanglish on writers writing output Essay

The effect of Spanglish on writers writing output - Essay Example One major advantage of Spanglish is its ability to illustrate the power of the mind to play with words showing further inventive and creativity at some certain point. In other words, Spanglish could eventually make substantial touch in creative writing as in a way it could be highly viewed as creativity of the mind especially in aspects concerning words are played. In most of creative writing techniques, playing with words are normally highlighted just to help emphasize the main point of the writers and even emphasize their creative touch for more aesthetic feel. In other words, by this specific advantage, Spanglish eventually affects the way people right these days. People have creative ways and means to express themselves in writing and Spanglish eventually is a specific tool in helping them to wallow in deeper sense of creativity with words. Therefore, with Spanglish, there could be an assurance of achieving creative piece. There is eventually a market for Latino and Spanglish is remarkably accepted as an evolution of the language growth (Kevane & Heredia, 2000, p. 136). In other words, with Spanglish, it is not only on the point that creativity can be nourished, but with it also includes the fact that a writer would be able to use language freely and openly and allow it to grow or even execute the things it must necessary do. These are just some of the advantages of Spanglish, which substantially show that it has remarkable impact on the writer’s creativity to play with words in a positive way.... 240). In other words, Spanglish could eventually make substantial touch in creative writing as in a way it could be highly viewed as creativity of the mind especially in aspects concerning words are played. In most of creative writing techniques, playing with words are normally highlighted just to help emphasize the main point of the writers and even emphasize their creative touch for more aesthetic feel. In other words, by this specific advantage, Spanglish eventually affects the way people right these days. People have creative ways and means to express themselves in writing and Spanglish eventually is a specific tool in helping them to wallow in deeper sense of creativity with words. Therefore, with Spanglish there could be an assurance of achieving creative piece. There is eventually a market for Latino and Spanglish is remarkably accepted as an evolution on the language growth (Kevane & Heredia, 2000, p. 136). In other words, with Spanglish it is not only on the point that creat ivity can be nourished, but with it also includes the fact that a writer would be able to use language freely and openly and allow it to grow or even execute the things it must necessary do. These are just some of the advantages of Spanglish, which substantially show that it has remarkable impact on the writer’s creativity to play with words in a positive way. Disadvantages of Spanglish Spanglish is usually written by bilingual writers which means they also have to look out for readers who in nature are bilingual and have great affinity for combined languages (Castillo, 2005, p. 190). The problem therefore with Spanglish is finding for good markets for it. Hispanic are good market opportunities for Spanglish (Castillo, 2005, p. 190), but

Evaluating a Website for Credibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluating a Website for Credibility - Essay Example The search engine used to locate the National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organization’s website was Google. From the website url (http://www.naccho.org.au/), the domain of the website is identified as .org. Choosing this website for the review considered a number of issues. Foremost, I was out to look for a website that was meant for a group of people. NACCHO’s website suited my description for the perfect website to review given the specificity of its audience. Although the website has information that appeals to the general public to support the cause of the organization, it is a medium more specifically meant to address the Australian aborigines than the general public. Additionally, the website is simple, straightforward and specific to the needs of its audience (National Aboriginal Community Controlled Health Organization, 2013). It dissects the health issues of the aborigines in a way that is much more convincing than other health websites. Further, the website became my site of choice since it is light and fast. There is the right choice of pictures, picture sizes and diction without unnecessary need for pompousness and wordiness. Like most websites, NACCHO’s website has a splendid authority hierarchy in its modification and administration. The viewers do not have the authority to publish news or update the website. Only website administrators have the capability to publish new material, update information and modify the layout of the website. Unlike wikis and other related websites, NACCHO’s website does not give readers much freedom to dictate the content of the website (Miller, 2012). However, there is a provision for feedback where website visitors can leave their views on the operations of the organization. The information included in the website is objective and focuses on the target group. This

Memory Process Serial Position Effect Lab Report

Memory Process Serial Position Effect - Lab Report Example Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968) tried to explain the primacy serial position effect as a result of the greater attention allocated to the first and last items on a list. This improves the probability of recalling such items in long-term memory. They explained recency serial position effect as being recalled by short-term memory as last items were last viewed through the list. Rundus (1971) proved that participants devoted more rehearsal to items first in list. Welch & Burnett (1924) further proved that primacy effect was reduced and items first in list were not stored in long-term memory when participants were asked to only rehearse items while they were being presented. Glanzer & Cunitz (1966) showed that items presented at faster rates provides less rehearsal time by participants which reduced primacy effect. The recency effect was also proved to be related to short term memory by requesting participants to do something else before testing their memory of items. Both, Glanzer & Cunitz (1966) proved that the recency effect is explained by short-term memory account by introduction a distracter activity after last items on a list such as a small arithmetic question. They found that recency effect was reduced by such distractors. The following experiment investigates the serial position effect.This is accomplished by recalling of alphabet letters using a software simulation program. Hypothesis to be tested was that structural retention occurs faster than semantic and phonemic retention. Method Participants The participants in the experiment consisted of University undergraduates enrolled in a Cognitive Psychology course. Apparatus The experiment was conducted by use of computers install in Lab. Each computer ran the simulation psychology program Psyktrek 3.0. Participant used a standard mouse to enter their input in the computer. during the experiment. Procedure Participants were positioned in front of a computer which ran the simulation program Psyktrek 3.0. Once the CD was loaded on the computer, a selection of different types of experiments is displayed on the screen. The Memory Processes Serial Position option was pressed using the mouse.The program presents a page with one side of blank space and the other side with buttons representing each letter of the alphabet. Each trial consists of a sequence of six letters which are presented separately. Each letter was displayed for one second. All letters on the side become clickable once the letters are hidden. Each respondent uses his mouse to click on the letters he recognize in any order. The program waits for participants to select six letters then it stops receiving participants input. The program records the time taken to enter all choices. Participants then pressed the Next trial button to go to the next sequence of letters until six trials are conducted. After participants complete all six trials, results of correctly recognized and recalled lettes are displayed. These results include tabular and graphical presentation of the percentage of correctly recalled items together with a list of presented letters. Results Data for participant number 7 and 8 were removed due to procedural error in recalled results. Recall and Recognition: Descriptive analysis of the data shown in appendix I, reveals that the mean average of recalled letters was (9.3) with standard deviation of 4.4. This accounts to 22.4% of all letters displayed. The mean average of

Benefits For Company Of Upgrading To Microsoft Office 2010 Essay

Benefits For Company Of Upgrading To Microsoft Office 2010 - Essay Example In the details, it talks about the essential features of the MS Office 2010. And the last part of the report tells about the summary and the action that will be made. The purpose of this report is to change the software package the Encoder Power Plus Company (EPPC) is using and introduce the newest software package to help the workers work more productive and more effective. Encoder Power Plus Company is one of the famous encoder companies that accepts encoding and grammar checking jobs of different paper works. Most of their customers are students and workers. One of the major technologies the workers are using is the computer and one of the major software packages they are using is the Microsoft Office 2007. Recently, orders were rapidly increasing. Despite the fact that 200 workers are in the company, some orders are still not completed in time. It has been discovered from the personal interviews done and from the general discussion between the workers and the employers that due to the incomplete features of the MS Office 2007, these lead the workers to do some orders manually. The reason behind this is that some important features that are very useful and important to the encoding jobs aren’t included and are limited in the software package MS Office 2007. Due to these problems that have been discovered, it is essential to change the current MS Office 2007 to the newest one that will have the answers to the problems encountered, the MS Office 2010. The MS Office 2010 has the following features that will best help the workers: Basing from the information gathered, in order to change the currently used MS office, we need to upgrade the supported operating system. I used the internet and the Microsoft Corporation to gather the information about the cost of the product and the other essential features of the recommended package. The estimation of the cost of the product and the upgrading of the OS is about $50,000.

Should abortion be allowed or not Research Paper

Should abortion be allowed or not - Research Paper Example Abortions are medical processes that actually improve the lives of the women who request for them; due to the brutal nature of this process, it is easy to understand that women who are not in desperate straits will not seek to procure an abortion. The reality is that, for a long time, women were seen as possessions of the men they were related to. The men had the right to do with their women as they wished; and this included denying them medical procedures for flippant reasons (Joachim 21). This standard still remains in many Middle Eastern nations. Refusing to legalize abortion basically amounts to preserving the outdated cultural practice of controlling the bodies of women on a massive scale. It is a fact that the majority of women who seek abortions are those with no financial security. Their partners, if involved in their lives in more ways than one, refuse to use birth control methods such as condoms but still demand sexual intimacy. The women may even be subjected to physical violence if they refuse to cooperate with their partners. For women in such circumstances, having an abortion is the only way they can prevent them from further sinking into poverty due to an extra mouth to feed. There are numerous cases that have been documented in media channels where expectant mothers died because hospitals either refused completely refused to terminate their pregnancies to save their lives or their spouses refused to give permission for the lives of their girlfriends and wives to be saved at the expense of the pregnancy (Flavin 18). The reality is that legalizing abortion is something that will consign such occurrences to the past; as the expectant mother is given the sole right to determine whether or not she wishes to keep the baby growing within her. Abortion, in many cases, actually saves the lives of the women who have it done in more ways than one. It saves them from having to contend with extreme financial

Analysis of an organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Analysis of an organization - Assignment Example The major sponsors of Trinity Health are the Catholic Church, under the auspices of the Catholic Health Ministries. This was an organization created for purposes of overseeing the management and administration of Trinity Health, and the healing ministry of the church. One of the tangible assets of the organization is the number of its employees, who are many and diverse. Trinity Health is an organization that employs more than 89,000 people, at different hospitals and health care center operated and managed by the company. This is beneficial to the company, mainly because the people employed are diverse, and they come with different skills, experiences, and culture which may be beneficial to the company (Hernandez, 2012). Furthermore, because of this diversity in its workforce, the company manages to get the right workers, who understand the language preferences, cultural beliefs, traditions, values and health practices of the various communities that the agency serves, and hence use this knowledge to develop policies and services that would help in catering for these needs (Zuckerman, 2009). Because of this diverse workforce, the organization will manage to be innovative, hence develop solutions that can satisfy the needs of the community that it serves (Zuckerman, 2009). For any organization to succeed, and obtain a strategic advantage, satisfaction of the needs of its customers is the key (Moseley, 2009). In the medical and health care field, there is a constant change in the needs of customers, and this is because of the emergence of new diseases, ailments, or medical conditions (Hernandez, 2012). Therefore, the best way of efficiently diagnosing and treating these diseases is through coming up with new medical practices and solutions. It is difficult to achieve this situation without being innovative. An important intangible asset is goodwill. Because of the large size of the organization, the company has

A Collegiate Dilemma Essay Example for Free

A Collegiate Dilemma Essay Favoritism is the tendency of an individual to discriminate against another person or a group of persons. It happens when an individual favors another over others. In most cases, it occurs as a result of an individuals value judgment and thus it is an attitude( http://dictionary. die. net/favoritism ). For instance, in many learning institutions especially those dealing with higher education favoritism occurs when professors favor some students simply because they want to have intimate relationship with them. Such inclination or or disposition to favor some students or even treat others unfairly on the basis of prejudice motivated by the lust to have sexually exploitative relationship confirms the presence of favoritism in universities and colleges. College professors are supposed to display both ethical and scholarly standards in the best way possible. These standards are guided by ethical principles which include the following. Professors should not engage in any form of dual relationships with their students. They should not sexually harass the students. According to American Association of University Press (AAUP, 1987) professors should provide a free learning environment to their students and respect them. They should serve as role models of a scholar and also a thinker. They must not harm the people they work with either physically or emotionally ( http://www. google. com/search? num=100hl=ensafe=offq=Keith-Spiegel+et+al. %2C+2002+on+consequences+of+favoritismbtnG=Search). They should treat every person equally. They should also award grades in a transparent manner and provide a ream for grades appeal to avoid what can be referred to as Sexually Transmitted Grades (STGs). Dignity should guide their relationship with those they work with. Violation of any of these principles as a result of favoritism is unethical. Romance between professors and students will encourage favoritism and thus it is unethical. Romance between professors and students results to severe negative consequences. Many students are either physically or emotionally harmed in the process. Students concerned acquire STGs which are unfairly acquired demoralizing the other students. The professor and the student involved devote a lot of time in the relationship and produce â€Å"half – baked† professionals who cannot execute their roles properly in the future. It is therefore the professors responsibility to strictly observe the limits in their relationship with the students while defining both their roles together with their respective behavior even when out of the academic setting (http://www. collegevalues. org/articles. cfm? id=1416a=1). Refferences Definition: favoritism retrieved from http://dictionary. die. net/favoritism on 14th april, 2008 A Collegiate Dilemma: The Lack of Formal Training in Ethics for Professors retrieved from http://www. collegevalues. org/articles. cfm? id=1416a=1 on14th April, 2008 Keith-Spiegel et al. , 2002 retrieved from http://www. google. com/search? num=100hl=ensafe=offq=Keith-Spiegel+et+al. %2C+2002+on+consequences+of+favoritismbtnG=Search on 14th April, 2008. De Russy 2003 on consequences of favoritism retrieved from http://www. collegevalues. org/articles. cfm? id=1416a=1 on 14th April, 2008 Rupert and Holmes on favoritism retrieved from http://www. collegevalues. org/articles. cfm? id=1416a=1 on 14th April, 2008

History of Project Development

History of Project Development A project is a temporary endeavor to create a unique product, service or result. The temporary nature of projects creates a defining beginning and end. Project management is the application of knowledge, skills and tools and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirement. Project is accomplished through appropriate application and integration of different process groups. A project fills an essential need in society. Indeed, projects are the major mode in which change is accomplished. It is the mode in which corporate strategy is implemented, business change is addressed, productive teams and their necessary competencies are dealt with, quality of deliverables, and tracking pre-established metrics for managements decision making, as well as closing out a project and creating lessons learned are performed. Historical Developments on project management Pre 1950 Era The project management is now in its modern form. There has been some form of projects since early civilization. The hard system approach which treated the project as mechanical activity has shown to be flawed. Earlier endeavors were seen as acts of worship, engineering or nation building. And the people controlling the Endeavour saw themselves as members of groups focused on specific calling such as generals, priests and architects. Examples of such endeavors are the Great Pyramids and the construction of the Great Wall of China. Small and large scale projects were undertaken before the 1950. Near the turn of 20th century Fredrick Taylor known as the Father of Scientific Management began his detailed studies in 1856-1915. He applied scientific reasoning to work by showing that labor can be analyzed and improved by focusing on its elementary parts. Another one of the forefathers of project management was Henry Gantt who is best known for creating his self named scheduling diagram, th e Gantt chart. It was a unique idea and innovation at that time. One of its first applications was on the Hoover Dam project which started in 1931. Gantt diagrams are today an important toolkit for the project managers. 1950s Era The nature of project management was evolved during the 1950s. Formal tools and techniques were developed to help managers manage large and complex projects that were uncertain and risky. Early practitioners of project mangers and the associated specialties of planning, scheduling, cost estimating, cost and schedule control formed during the AACE in 1956. In 1957, the chemical manufacturer developed the Critical Path Analysis (CPM) method for predicting, scheduling, and sequencing of activities in logical order. Furthermore, DuPont designed it to address the complex process of shutting down chemical plants for maintenance and then with maintenance completed restarting them. In 1958 the United States Departments US navy special projects developed PERT as a part of planning Ballistic missile development. PERT is a method used for analyzing the tasks involved in completing a project and especially the time needed to complete each task and identifying the minimum time needed to complete the total project. The United States department of defense created the Work Break down Structure Concept as a part of the Polaris mobile submarine launched ballistic missile project. The work breakdown structure remains one of the most effective project management tools. It helps in organizing and defining total scope of the project and as well as represent the work specified in current approved project scope statement. In 1965 The International Project Management Association (IPMA) was founded. It was the world first project management Association. Its vision is to promote project management and lead development of the profession. In 1969 PMI was founded to promote and support project management profession. Beginning in 1981, the Project Management Institute (PMI) took formal steps to accumulate and codify relevant knowledge by initiating the development of what became their Project Management Body of Knowledge (PMBOK). The perceived need to do so arose from the PMIs long-term commitment to the professionalization of project management. ` The PMI book was an attempt to document and standardize accepted project information and practices. The first edition was established in 1996 followed second edition in 2000, and third edition in 2004. In 1989 PRINCE method was published by CCTA. Project IN Controlled Environment (PRINCE) became the UK standard for managing all government system projects. 1990 -2008 Era In 1996, PRINCE2 was published by CCTA (Projects IN Controlled Environments) and it is a structured method for managing small and large projects. It is the accepted standard for the UK governments Central Computer and Telecommunications Agency (CCTA) and was revised in1996.As a standard for project management; it is widely used in the IT industry and is finding application in other sectors. In 1986 Theory of Constraints (TOC) was introduced by Dr. Eliyahu M Goldratt in his Novel The Goal. TOC is an overall management philosophy that is geared to help the organization to achieve their goal. The methods and algorithms from TOC went on to form the basis of Critical Chain Project Management. Also the critical chain project method is helpful in resource leveling and it focus is on managing resources that are required to execute the project. In 1998, PMBOK became well recognized by the American National Standard Institute and as well as by Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers. In 2006, Total Cost of Management Framework was released by AACE International. It is the process for applying the skills and knowledge of cost of engineering. Up to 2008 PMBOK is the recognized standard for the project management profession. A standard is formal document that has described and established norms, methods and processes and practices. The knowledge contained in this standard evolved from the recognized good practices of project management practitioners who contributed to develop the standard. Present In its 50th year, the profession of ‘modern project management is facing many challenges and opportunities. The boundaries of our technology are merging into a range of other disciplines including communications, general management and corporate governance and arguably everything could be a project. One dimension of the challenges faced by the profession of project management is defined by its success. Almost every organization wants to be seen to be ‘doing projects. Projects are viewed as an important part of their endeavors to remain competitive in rapidly changing world. Project management is now an advanced and specialized branch of management. At this stage, project management emphasizes on the strategic role of projects, especially those processes that the project manager must put in place to deliver the end objective of the project and satisfy the needs of all the projects customers. In this new approach, project managers become project integrators, responsible for integrating the required resources, knowledge, and processes from the projects beginning to end. In particular, the ready availability of technology (especially communications technology) has led to the emergence of virtual teams as a means of running projects. Similarly, there has been considerable development of powerful project planning and software and the computer processing power to support it. Both of these have the potential to change the way that we work in projects. Furthermore role of project manager has significantly changed over the couple of decades. The project manager is the person assigned by the performing organization to achieve the project objectives. He is responsible for monitoring and coordinating activities throughout the organization. As in order to stay alive in the cut throat competition manager needs to be proactive and think strategically. It is the great responsibility of project managers to ensure quality of deliverables of the project. He must look and seek opportunities from the market demand. He must identify the weak links and identify all possible constraints that result in delay of project deliverables. Furthermore project managers must have area specific skills and general management proficiencies that are required for the timely and quality deliverables of the project. Future Challenges The future of project management is predicted to be one that focuses on the skills needed to motivate, direct and lead the people that make up the project team to achieve the projects goal whilst realizing the fact that nothing is certain. The competent project manager will be expecting uncertainty and will ensure his project management systems to provide as much early warning as possible of impending changes so as to give maximum possible time to optimize results and achieve stated objectives. Tools such as the project schedule will need to be predictive and help in pro-active decision making rather than reactive. The key skill set of the competent project manager will be identifying and managing stakeholder expectations. The purpose of documents such as project schedules and cost plans will be redefined from ‘control documents to ‘communication documents. The paradox is that by dropping the false expectation of control and certainty, the skilled project managers are lik ely to consistently deliver more predictable and reliable project outcomes. In summary, all the main issues faced by project managers are as follows: Strategy In future, the role of strategy will be more explicitly recognized by organizations, resulting in an increase in the use of devices such as the aggregate project plan. This will reduce conflict within and between organizations. Structure At present it is common for organizations to fail to balance the importance of a project with the structure used for it. As project management asserts itself as of importance within organizations, more appropriate structures will be used. Furthermore, organizations will have to begin working outside the existing structures using hybrids and new structures of their own to achieve their objectives. Systems we will continue to see an increase in the visibility of project systems, with visual control being the driver. There is a challenge for IT providers to produce project management software that will help this process. Staff- the selection of staff for projects needs to be more objectively managed. The tools and techniques are available. Skills the skills of the project manager are likely to increase in value. In many industries, people are given project responsibility because of their technical competence in one or more disciplines. In future, the skill-set of the project manager will become better recognized and valued by organizations. Style/culture this has been used by many organizations as a reason for not making any changes in the way they do their work. It is vital that in future, managers take responsibility for the culture that they create around them and for their own style. Awareness of this should be routine. As for staff selection, there are well-developed tool and techniques for managers to use in this respect (e.g. through cultural audit). Their application will increase with the passage of time. Stakeholders The marketing of achievements to stakeholders is in its relative infancy. This improved management of the information that stakeholders have is an important area in which project managers will need to work alongside their marketing colleagues. One further issue concerns all the above and that is learning. Organizations and individuals in many roles, not just project managers, are generally poor at learning from their own successes and failures, but particularly bad at learning from the successes and failures of others. It is a fact that those organizations that learn the fastest are also the best. The major challenge for project managers is to develop the process (do it better next time) by bringing in the necessary knowledge (both managerial and technical). All the issues from the 7-S given above provide potential areas for improvement. Part of the skill of the project manager is going to be identifying where the major benefits will be gained and the changes that will be needed to realize them. This will require a very wide knowledge of both theoretical and practical aspects of project management.

Introduction of an evening well baby clinic

Introduction of an evening well baby clinic Leadership Report Introduction of an evening well baby clinic 1.Introduction, Aim and Objectives 1.1This report will provide evidence of the application of leadership knowledge to the role of the health visitors practice. The report will look at my leadership style and skills in relation to developing and implementing an evening well baby clinic. When implementing this clinic I will aim to address and discuss past leadership experience and how I will use this within my team to achieve the best outcomes for families within my practice area. Attention will be paid to relating this to improving the quality of care as highlighted in the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) Standards of proficiency for specialist community public health nurses, 2004. The standards also state that I, as a Specialist Community Public Health Nurse (SCPHN) must work in partnership with all team members and clients. I will apply my existing and newly developed leadership skills when managing my evening well baby clinic (NMC, 2004 and DOH, 2009). This report will include a discussion on my best practice and the use of evaluation and reflection in learning from experiences. The report will also include issues related to the quality of care and how my leadership can maintain or improve it. The aims and objectives of this report are to provide a clear expression of the quality issues in clinical care and to analyse my understanding of leadership and leadership styles in relation to quality of care. I will then look at change theories, management and leadership styles within my practice area and consider what the strengths and weaknesses are. Consideration will also be given to conflict management and my style of leadership within the team in order to promote effective working. 2. Knowledge and Copmetence of Leadership Practice 2.1Whilst undertaking the SCPHN course I have had many opportunities and experiences to develop my leadership, and reflect on the kind of leader I aspire to be. There are two types of leaders: transformational and transactional (Hartley and Benington, 2010). I feel that I am currently a transformational leader as I try to motivate staff members, encourage vision and ideas and inspire team members and clients to achieve the best possible outcomes. As identified by Huber (2010), vision is a key aspect of any leadership activity. I feel that my evening well baby clinic has shown my vision through the ideas and implementation of activities within the group. I shared my vision with fellow team members and this promoted motivation and inspiration. Transactional leadership is a more direct approach setting out clear goals and offering rewards to staff members in order to meet objectives (Hartley and Benington, 2010). I adapted aspects of this approach but felt that a transformational approach was more appropriate for my team and my practice. Whilst the transformational model of leadership may be seen as dynamic and therefore appeal to change agents, in this scenario the proposed change is largely transactional. It could be argued that the evening clinic will not provide staff with new skills or knowledge and it is unlikely to be seen as a particularly innovative as it is simply expanding an already existing service within the practice area. However, it is important to recognise the need for transactional change, in this instance practical concerns of an evening well baby clinic are being addressed. The evening clinic will not only benefit service users, but I feel that it will also give the health visitors a new perspective and insight into families that they would not normally see, thus it will improve service delivery and help achieve both local and national requirements. 2.2 I feel that in order to look at management and leadership theories, it is important to understand the differences between them. Warren (2005) states that the key role of leadership is vision, from this management embraces the vision, into the day to day running of the organisation thus allowing the leader to transform how the care is delivered while management focuses on budgets, targets and health and safety etc. Kotter (1990) furthermore illustrates the importance of both management and leadership within organisations for the implementation of a seamless service. This is supported by Marquis and Huston (2009) who argue that within nursing, management and leadership should be integrated. I believe that it is vital for leaders to have the ability to be both managers and leaders at the same time in order for quality of care to take place. It is important to remember that management and leadership are very different but have overlapping functions (Ellis and Hartley, 2009, Gopee and Galloway 2009). To combine aspects of leadership and management skills are an essential part of the SCPHN role. Gopee and Galloway (2009) support Huber (2010) about the key importance of a visionary approach to leadership. It is important to reflect on the differences between leadership and management, to have the ability to utilise management in order to enhance my leadership and promote flexible, positive and appropriate team development. This is contradicted by Goodwin (2006) who postulated that leaders must have vision but do not need management skills, but management must have vision. 2.3 In my leadership experience I believe that having an effective working relationship with your team can influence the outcomes of a project this is supported by Hartley and Benington (2010) as a key leadership quality. Kotter (1990) suggests that leadership sets directions and motivates people, inspiring them to have the ability to adopt a visionary position, to set direction, and to anticipate as well as coping with change. I have adapted this approach by undertaking regular team meetings where ideas and goals were set. Then time was given for the team to feedback their own personal vision which promoted self esteem and ownership of the project to enhance team motivation towards a common goal. Through this feedback time, team members were able to identify their own strengths and interests to bring to the project, any areas of weakness that were identified were discussed and any relevant training was given. Cooperation and collaboration from other agencies was resourced to provid e the best quality service for staff and service users alike. This enabled learning from each other where any potential conflict would be avoided by staff working within their capability within their role, and recognising that each member of staff is accountable for their own practice. 2.4 I believe that leadership from health visitors within the practice setting is key to quality care being given, along with a range of services being available and accessible within the community. In order to achieve this I considered my leadership approach to improving services for the community in which I work, based on guidance and policy highlighted in the Department of Healths NHS plan (2000). The white paper; The New NHS: Modern Dependable (DH, 1997) advocated improvements to the quality, range and accessibility of services available within the community. In order to improve the quality of my service I decided to implement a change in time and working structure for staff. Acheson, (1998) highlighted that within primary care it is important that services are not only effective but readily accessible. Acheson concluded that the NHS should be aiming to provide equitable access to effective health care for all. The project that I have implemented is aimed to improve the quality o f existing services by making the time more convenient to clients. Anecdotal evidence from parents who have or are due to return to work has highlighted a current deficit in service provision. Service users have indicated general dissatisfaction at there being no clinic available at a time accessible to working parents. When discussing inequalities it is easy to focus on disadvantaged families living in deprived areas. It is important to acknowledge that working parents have difficulty accessing services during the working day and are therefore also experiencing inequality. In response to this as a leader I have identified a gap in service provision and an opportunity to reduce inequalities in health by providing this service. As the leader of this project it was my responsibility to communicate and promote collaborative working with multi disciplinary organisations and to be a positive role model to the staff within my team. The document Our health, Our care, Our say (DH, 2006) ide ntifies aims and objectives for professionals to guide them in their role of improving services in the community. It also states that more co-ordination between services is needed and greater consistency across the health service in order to reduce inequalities. It advocated a more flexible service in order to increase accessibility and it recommends involving service users and the local population in decision making. 3. Leadership Styles and the Complexity of Care Delivery. 3.1 In the last year as a student health visitor I have been able to observe many different leadership styles which has enabled me to be adaptable and to manage the changing environment. On reflection I believe that I have chosen aspects of these styles to develop my own style. Hartley and Bennington (2010) suggest that better leadership within health care is central to improving the quality of healthcare. Through research I have found that there are many different leadership styles, Hersey et al (2007) identified these styles as authoritarian, laissez-faire and democratic. Within my career I have encountered many of the leadership styles, this has enabled me to choose aspects of these styles within my own practice. I found the laissez-faire approach of no interference and lack of decision making and a lack of structure to be confusing and unclear. The advantages of this approach with groups are that they are fully independent and promote professionals working together (Huber, 2010). The authoritarian approach from previous leaders has been very directive and not team focused. I found this approach did not encourage togetherness and therefore I would not want to promote this within my team. In conflict situations I can see how it would be an efficient approach. I aim to be a democratic leader who works with their team, sharing responsibility and decision making although this may be a long drawn out process I believe it will facilitate an improved project. Huber (2010) stated that the challenges of a democratic style are getting people with different professional backgrounds to work together and decide on a plan of action. To overcome this I ensured that the team shared common goals. I consider that the change in work practices that I brought to the team motivated the staff to examine their own working practice. This was shown to me through the interest and suggestions that the team offered in the form of their ideas to meet this challenge. By tapping into the moral dimension of a proposed change in this instance promoting the need for staff to contribute in order to protect child safety and also to reduce the health inequalities that the children and families who would not otherwise be in a position to attend a well baby clinic during the day could face. I recognised early on in the process that there was resistance to working unsocial hours. The clinic required two members of staff, one needing to be qualified health visitor, to en sure staff safety and adhere to the local lone working policy. Within the practice area as a whole there are approximately twenty health visitors, eight nursery nurses and two staff nurses employed by the Trust. This highlighted that staff may only be expected to cover one clinic every ten months. Some staff volunteered to work the clinic more often and this provided relief for those staff who were not so keen to work into the evening. Working into the evening provided a benefit to thee staff as this allowed them to commence work later in the day, therefore demonstrating that as a democratic leader I inspired staff to change by motivating followers to surpass their own self-interest for the sake of the team and organisation (Bass 1990). 3.2 Situational leadership was formulated by Hersey and Blanchard (2007) and postulates that leaders adapt their style according to the situation. Supportive behaviours encourage the team to facilitate the problem solving (Northouse, 2010). Situational leaders have two main types of intervention: those which are supportive and those which are directive. The effective situational leader is one that adjusts the directive and supportive dimensions of their leadership according to the needs of their workforce (Northouse, 2010). Most team members were found to be highly motivated in the project, identified by their suggestions and ideas, eliminating the need for a directive role. The supportive behaviours I employed encouraged a participative approach characterised by the use of finely tuned interpersonal skills such as active listening, giving feedback and praising. 3.3 I can see that my democratic style of leadership encouraged staff participation and commitment. This was achieved by assessing staff competence and commitment to completing the task. One member of staff appeared to take little interest and did not offer ideas, this displayed a lower level of commitment compared to other staff members and hence I directed her more. This was overcome using the coaching behaviours supported by Hersey and Blanchard (2007). This form of coaching allowed encouragement through two way discussions about the proposed changes and resulted in increased levels of commitment and motivation from this individual member of staff, integrating her into the change process. On reflection this can also be identified as reducing resisting factors to a change within a force field as by adapting to the needs of that team member, I encouraged her to take part and share her ideas. Rather than hindering progress and potentially opposing the change, she felt included and valued. I aim to develop my leadership style further by gaining feedback from my team members and by reflecting on what have been positive and negative experiences, whilst maintaining a link with best evidence based practice. 3.4 When implementing my evening well baby clinic and introducing my new leadership style, it was important to remember that change would be needed. When proposing change I recognised the need for a structured process. Keyser and Wright (1998) support this by stipulating that if structure is not used then the change process could easily fail. It is important therefore, to acknowledge the diverse nature of the process. Lewin (1951) identified three stages in the process of change unfreeze, move and refreeze. Within my project, the unfreeze process was achieved when communication and planning was undertaken with both staff and trust management to gain their support for the proposed evening clinic. The move process involved trialling the evening clinic for a period of six months to produce evidence of its effectiveness. The evidence would be gained from numbers of attendees and also through evaluation forms given to all attendees of both day and evening clinics. If the evaluation of th e service proved it to be successful it would ultimately result in the clinic becoming an established clinic this would conclude the refreeze process. Through informal face to face discussions while implementing the clinic, I gained peoples thoughts and opinions. In Kassean Jagoos study (2005), they identified the unfreezing stage as that of enabling people to express their thoughts on the current situation. Sheldon and Parkers (1997) research went on to explore the concept that people can only be empowered by a vision that they understand and that it is important that the strategies used foster inclusion and participation so that all team members are fully aware of the need for change. 3.5 When improving care, two potential obstacles have been highlighted by Tait (2004), these were highlighted as limited resources and the pace of change. With these in mind, a force field analysis (Lewin, 1951) has been completed to try and identify potential barriers. The issues I have identified are that it must be established early in the process the arrangements for the remuneration of staff time. Possible options being overtime payments or time owing. Staff displayed individual preferences depending on their individual perception of the benefit of each option and some staff raised the option of simply changing their hours of work. As the decision on how time will be paid, and how hours should be worked will lie with the management team it is important to establish their response promptly as this issue is likely to be raised by the health visitors very early in the change process. Another issue identified was health and safety. As the building is already used for a family planni ng clinic, any health and safety issues are already likely to have been addressed. I however considered it to be good practice to revisit and review the risk assessment. I identified a training issue around securing the health centre at the end of the evening these locking up and safety procedures could be addressed with a short in-house training session. After identifying the above issues it was my responsibility as a leader to consider resources and budgets available in order to achieve all my aims and objectives. 4.Leadership and the Quality of Client Care. 4.1 The Government outlines the need for nurses to develop leadership skills at all levels (DH 1998; DH 1999). Following Lord Darzis review( 2008), the Leadership Council (2010) was set up, to effect changes in health care delivery, which included supporting the national and local service. The NHS Confederation (2009) stresses that standards must be maintained through vision to avoid the regression of services through the recession. The leadership role expected of health visitors is evident in Shifting the Balance of Power (DH 2001a) and Liberating the Talents (DH 2002) with the expectation that health visitors will lead teams which will deliver family-centred public health within the communities they work (DH 2001b). I strongly believe that by collaborating with other agencies when setting up my evening well baby clinic I have improved the quality of care for clients within my practice area. 4.2 When implementing my project I took into consideration the feelings and expressed needs of service users (Bradshaw, 1972), and in line with both local Primary Care Trust (PCT) and government policy (Sec 2.3) regarding accessibility to services, an evening clinic was proposed for a trial period of six months. I made this decision as a leader of my team to ensure quality care and provision was implemented. To enable ongoing quality and evaluation, change will be audited and evaluated in order to inform future practice and service delivery. In health visiting I believe that the emphasis should be placed on quality of care, providing and promoting access to health information and helping people make sense of the information so that they are able to make informed lifestyle decisions (DH, 2000). 4.3 Research by Keatinge, (2005) suggests that parents preferred source of child health information comes from child health clinics. Health visitors were identified within the research to be a reliable source of information parents felt comfortable talking to them and their advice was perceived to be reliable. Attendance at child health clinic was viewed as an opportunity to obtain regular information and advice. Another study by Bowns, Crofts, Williams, Rigby, Hall, Haining (2000) looked at parental satisfaction within the health visiting service, this found that approximately two thirds of health visitor contacts took place in the clinic and routine weighing and general advice accounted for a high percentage of recent contacts in one year old infants. Feedback from parents within my area of practice contradicts this research attendance at clinic within my practice area is poor and parents comments would suggest that the implementation of an evening clinic would increase attendanc es. The National Service Framework (NSF) for Children, Young People and Maternity services (DH, 2004), Standards 1-3 are particularly relevant when considering a well baby clinic, as the focus is on promoting health and identifying needs, supporting parents and providing services that are family centred. Each of these standards can be addressed in the planning and implementation of a well baby clinic. The NSF is intended to promote a culture which provides services that are designed around the needs of the family, not the needs of the organisation or staff, thus maintaining and improving the quality of care for all (DH, 2004). 4.4 Organisations must develop structures to improve quality of care (Tait, 2004). This is maintained through clinical governance, risk assessment and audit (DOH 2000B, Bishop, 2009. Christmas, 2009). Health visitors work within corporate caseloads but much work is undertaken independently. It is therefore important that communication and team support is encouraged. Part of my leadership role was to facilitate this communication through regular health visitor meetings and also through less formal discussion with staff, which encouraged communication and helped stimulate a wider team spirit. Support for this is shown by Ferlie and Shortell (2001) who argue that emphasis needs to placed on shared and distributed leadership across all team members and organisations for quality care to take place and to promote organisational change. 5.Dynamic and Flexible Leadership. 5.1Within the project there is a mixture of cultures that have proved beneficial when planning the expansion of the well baby clinic. Managerial support was established early in the process, so that the change would be less opposed. However in addition to this staff were encouraged to contribute their ideas and concerns so that the change process could progress more smoothly. The implementation of this strategy reduced the risks of potential conflict. Barr and Dowding (2010) state that by being a dynamic and flexible leader who is able to resolve conflict effectively, high quality patient care can be achieved. Across all organisations change can sometimes be viewed as a negative thing. The majority of the team who will be affected by this change are established health visitors. There can at times has been some resistance to change and a tendency to continue with certain practices because historically it has always been done that way or because the team has seen other new ideas tried and fail before. 5.2 If conflict was to arise within my team I would use a conflict resolution strategy as identified by Barton (1991). This approach can be adapted by leaders to help improve team morale and productivity (Huber 2010). I believe the important factors for the leader to implement are effective communication, assertiveness and empathy. If this technique is delivered effectively I believe conflicts can be resolved quickly and with minimal upset. If conflict arises and a leader avoids confronting an issue or withdraws from the situation this can be beneficial as it allows for a cooling off period between team members, but I believe that this is not a solution as it will not resolve the conflict. Marquis and Huston (2009) support Hubers research by saying that a leader should address conflict but also needs to recognise and accept an individuals differences and opinions. Therefore a flexible leadership style should be adopted whenever possible. 6 Conclusion and Summary 6.1 In summary my leadership incorporates a transformational leadership model which places great importance on the needs, values and morals of others (Northouse, 2004). The goal of transformational leadership is to create a vision, to empower others and to adopt a style of encouragement, listening and facilitating. This lends itself to the nursing profession as it stimulates suggestions and discussion about change in practice this is strengthened by Marriner-Tomey (2004) who illustrate that transformational leaders are accustomed to sharing power, using influence, developing potential and moving groups towards common goals in a non coercive way and are seen as the only leader likely to bring about lasting change within health care. 6.2 Before completing this change within practice and from previous experiences within my career, I believed that a large proportion of change within practice was dictated to staff by managers, and that as an individual within a large workforce I had relatively little influence over work practices. I also felt that I had few opportunities to lead other staff. The benefit of compiling this report has been gaining valuable insight into the dynamics of leadership and understanding that different types of change and leadership are equally important. I have also benefited from completing and seeing through the process and analysing the actual and potential problems that may occur when trying to introduce a change in practice. I feel that the knowledge gained has influenced and inspired me to strive to become a motivational and democratic leader, and more importantly to understand that to be an effective leader you do not need to be born with the skills required but leaders simply need the motivation and the will to acquire the expertise. This is confirmed by theorists who believe that leadership is a learnable set of skills and practices available to everyone regardless of stature or position within an organisation (Yoder-wise, 2002 , Kouzes 2007). 6.3 I have found this experience has given me the opportunity to understand the process of planning and implementing a change within practice. I now feel that I have a better understanding of the need to become a flexible leader so that I am able to alter my approach to different situations and people, thus preventing staff conflict. I have discovered that there is a potential difficulty to gather the necessary evidence-base and I must pursue this further. In the future I hope my new confidence in my ability to lead and empower will make me a valuable contributor to the health visiting service. I will continue to study working practices that I would like to change, and ensure there is a good evidence-base for any new proposals and follow a structured process in order to maximise the potential success of future ventures. 7. Recommendations 7.1 In the current climate within the National Health Service it is clear that leadership practice is now the focus of staff at all levels. As health visitors are seen by Government to be leaders within their field, I recognise the need to focus on improving my leadership skills. Within my preceptorship, I intend to observe and reflect on how other experienced health visitors approach leadership within their teams. This will enable me to further develop my own leadership style within my future role.

Performance Appraisal Essay -- Business, Employees Participation

This paper assesses the Human Resource practices of employee participation and involvement and their relationship with productivity. An attempt will be made to distinguish between participation and involvement. Also the paper will focus on development and changing trends of employee participation and the evaluation of these participation schemes with respect to their depth, level, scope and form. Finally, a search into whether employee participation and involvement has a bearing on productivity will be considered. In recent times, a key feature of management practice has been the implementation of effective human development strategies to enhance organisational productivity. Human resource management is considered an important element in achieving an organization’s success and a means of gaining competitive advantage (Armstrong 2009).Again; it is common to have management grant some level of participation and involvement to employees concerning core decisions within the organisation, as researches have proved a link between employee involvement and participation having a positive bearing on workplace productivity and performance (Belanger 2000). Employee participation is promoted for different reasons and embedded in various institutional settings across industries and countries due to influences from the legal, economic, political framework found in each country .Thus the level of participation granted employees and the degree and methods of which employers are willing to use in workforce management differ everywhere (Dundon & Wilkinson2009). Participation and involvement as concepts are by definition intertwined and this makes it difficult to distinguish between them. However, some authors have attempted defining them... ...stantive. In conclusion, though it very difficult to justify empirically whether or not employee participation and involvement can increase a firm’s productivity; it can be said from a synthesis of the above discussion that productivity is dependent on several factors including employee participation and involvement. However to increase productivity, employers should adopt and implement the right strategy taking cognisance of organisational goals and existing work environment. In lieu of the above, Youndt et al. (1996) puts it so succinctly that employee involvement and participation is essential in the a firm’s production process since employees provide organizations with an important source of sustainable competitive advantage and that the effective management of human capital, not physical capital may be the ultimate determinant of organisational performance.

The Impact of Technology Upon Education Essay -- Mainstreaming Technol

The Impact of Technology Upon Education As the years go on, technology has become such a necessity to everyday life in the average person’s life. Whether you live here, there, or anywhere, technology is apparent and has become such an integral part of everyday life to the point that we cannot imagine life without it. Technology is used in both the private and the public life of every person. In private lives we have our computers, our microwaves, our palm pilots, ovens, TVs, cell phones, VCRs, DVD players and much, much more. In our public lives we have checkout scanners, security cameras, security alarms, car alarms, and so much more. What many of us do not realize is that another benefit of technology is helpful with the growing rate of inclusion. There are so many products out on the market today to help disabled people to integrate with the mainstream and have the same benefits as we do. One of the most interesting pieces of technology that I have found for disabled people is iCommunicator. This product is mainly used for the deaf and hard of hearing so that they would not always have to have a translator. It gives them more independence in the workplace or at school. It also has been used with children as young as preschoolers to determine the literacy development and as an early diagnosis for hearing loss in young children. This program converts speech to text, speech to video sign language, speech to computer-generated voice, text to computer-generated voice or video sign language. This program has a speech -to-text translation rate of a 90% greater accuracy in less time than its predecessors. [1] Its remarkable features include auto save, menus, on screen buttons, a vocabulary library that includes m... ...udents. The children whether they be blind, deaf, learning disabled etc now have ways to connect with other people and will be able to fit into the rest of society much easier and finding a job when he or she gets older will not be such a big problem. So many of the original obstacles have been overcome due to the increase of technology. Technology has become a great asset to teaching others and aiding people to do things they had never thought possible, whether it be a blind or deaf person getting an office job, or getting an ‘A’ if you were a learning disabled student. I never knew that there were so many products available on the common market to help those people to integrate with the mainstream population both in school and at the workplace. Technology has definitely become a positive tool for not only the mainstream public but for the disabled as well.

Psychiatric Disabilities: The Role of the Rehabilitation Counselor Essa

Psychiatric Disabilities: The Role of the Rehabilitation Counselor A rehabilitation counselor is the central coordinator of setting up services and the client’s goals. They help develop and enhance the client’s skills to secure independence, employment and function in the community (Garske, 2003). In order to be able to rehabilitate the client and set up obtainable goals and a treatment plan, the rehabilitation counselor must first understand ADA, the client’s functional limitations, challenges and obstacles they are facing, along with barriers that may pose a threat to the success of the client. Rehabilitation counselors also set up a support network the client can reach out to and utilize, as well as resources and accommodations that may help the client transition into the workforce, school or home. Challenges/Functional Limitations Success Rate There are many challenges and obstacles that individuals with a psychiatric disability face and as a rehabilitation counselor one must find ways to overcome those obstacles and help guide the client. According to Gregory Garske (2003), â€Å"those with severe mental illness or a psychiatric disability have an extremely low success rate and are the most challenging group to rehabilitate† (p. 95). One of the largest subpopulations of disabilities with the lowest success rate did not go unnoticed and changes were made in 1992 when the amendments of the Rehabilitation Act were passed. The 1992 amendments paved the way for future growth and ensured that those with the most severe disability that limited one or more life functions received more assistance (Garske, 2003). What is disturbing is that even though those with a psychiatric disability are seeking services the success ... ...on job acquisition and retention among people with psychiatric disabilities. Journal of Vocational Rehabilitation, 33(3), 203-207. doi:10.3233/JVR-2010-0528. Schutt, R., & Hursh, N. (2009). Influences on Job Retention Among Homeless Persons with Substance Abuse or Psychiatric Disabilities. Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare, 36(4), 53-73. Retrieved from Academic Search Complete database. Sullivan, A., Nicolellis, D., & et al., (1993). Choose-get-keep: A psychiatric rehabilitation approach to supported education. Psychosocial Rehabilitation Journal, 17(1), 55. Retrieved from MasterFILE Premier database. Walsh, J., & Walsh, M. (2003). The role of mental health professionals in responding to employment needs. Sourcebook of rehabilitation and mental health practice (pp. 105-115). New York, NY US: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. Retrieved from PsycINFO database.

Militarism and Border Violence

War exposes the operation of sex and race in the construction of a nation as war enables us to perceive the process of securing and creating territories through the use and implementation of particular values and standards of perceiving reality. For example, the division between the battlefront and home front along with the emphasis on the action in the trenches creates and highlights gendered boundaries, which are equivalent to the division between the protector and the protected. Furthermore, the social territories formed during and after the war highlights the use of ethnocentric viewpoints, which leads to racism and the exploitation of bodies. The mode in which these events are possible can be read by stating that the current events within the world are affected by the different modes in which a hegemonic groups’ power becomes visible in a society. Within this perspective, one may state that the current oppression that women experience is caused by the patriarchal views heeded by those who directly affect world politics. Such may be the case; however it is still possible to state that even though certain nations hold control of current world politics, equal ground has been given to the different agents within society. Women, in this perspective, may be seen as possessing freedom in so far as they are no longer placed within the stereotypes of the feminine. However, the case is not that simple. Consider for example a woman in a Third World Country who is granted the recognition of her independence. Although this woman is â€Å"free†, she is still placed within the stereotype of a Third World woman who needs to be further emancipated from her â€Å"barbaric† culture. In order to resolve such a conflict let us consider Michel Foucault’s conception of power. According to Foucault, power is not an institution. It refers to the strategic situations within a particular society. It cannot be located in a particular or specific entity such as the state’s sovereign, it is everywhere and nowhere at the same time manifesting its existence in the different forms of repressions present within society. Repression, however, should not be seen as an entirely negative aspect. Repression is not a form of paralysis; it should not be seen as a freezing of possibilities for all forms of repression enables. Consider for example a Muslim woman who is forced by social norms to wear a burqa. According to Abu-Lughod the act of wearing a burqa should not be seen as repressive in character since Muslim women choose to wear it for it is a basis of their social status. A Muslim woman who does not wear a burqa for instance does not come from a reputable family or she is a woman who participates in the trade of the flesh. Abu-Lughod states that the benevolent father image portrayed by America towards the Palestinian women misconstrues the Palestinian women’s cultural background. Such an ethnocentric perspective merely shows America’s disrespect of other cultures. In the above example, one can see how a repressive state may have allowances, which the individual may use to inch towards her freedom, which in these terms refers to the control of the power relations that is dominant in that particular period. Palestinian women’s opposition of the predominant consciousness regarding women’s oppression can best be portrayed using the notion of oppositional consciousness. Oppositional consciousness refers to the subversive use of tools of repression. This is evident in the practice of Palestinian women in the United States who choose to wear their burqa despite their freedom to dispose of it within foreign grounds. It might be stated that such an action is only possible since there are no threats placed upon the individual’s life when she refuses to adhere to the practice in a different place. However, it can be argued that as long as their actions are explicitly stated to stand for a particular cause notion of oppositional consciousness still follows. Oppositional consciousness, however, becomes problematic when one considers that an individual is predisposed to think in a particular way based upon his or her ontological and epistemic background. In other words, is it really possible for a woman to obtain freedom when she has been conditioned or predisposed to think in a particular way? Specifically, in a way wherein she considers the view of the patriarch to be the basis for truth compared to the view of her fellow women. This tendency is apparent in the current contentions that feminism experiences with women outside the academe. As an answer to the events, which occurred after the September 11 bombing, Bachetta, together with other transnational feminists stated their disapproval towards the violent effects of Bush’s â€Å"messianic mission† to redeem the world from all forms of â€Å"terror† evident in the so called â€Å"backward† and â€Å"barbaric ways† of those who reside in the Middle East. According to S.R., a Palestinian woman, though she agrees with the general appeal of feminists to stop the war, she disapproves of the way that feminists present Palestinian women in general. According to S.R., liberation should not be forced on an individual. It is an instinct, which presents itself on its own way. The general contention regarding transnational feminists appeal is their ethnocentric tendency to perceive other women who refuses to heed their call as â€Å"oppressed† individuals. However, it may be argued that transnational feminists notion of feminism may be salvaged if one considers that their emphasis lies on the need for women to be freed from their political double bind apparent in their marginalization as women and in the use of their bodies as tools for the assertion of power. Instances like these can be seen in Falcon’s analysis of the militarized rape cases, which occurred in the US-Mexico border. Sylvanna Falcon, in her paper â€Å"‘National Security’ and the Violation of Women’s Bodies† reiterates these claims as she discussed the cases of rape committed at the US-Mexico border. Falcon argued that the rape and harassment of women in the said border presents an example of â€Å"the hypermasculine nature of war and militarism† wherein sexual assault is used as a military strategy which aims to â€Å"dominate women and psychologically debilitate people viewed as the ‘enemy’† (120). According to Falcon, what occurs in the border is a form of â€Å"national security rape and systematic rape†. â€Å"National security rape† refers to the sexual abuse of women committed for the sake of â€Å"bolstering (a soldier’s) nervous nerves†. â€Å"Systematic rape†, on the other hand, refers to the use of rape â€Å"as an instrument of open warfare† (121). It should be noted that these women are placed in a political double bind. Besides being displaced individuals and forced migrants, they are considered as threats to the state as the state conveniently forgets that these individuals are products of the internal repressions caused by the war. One might presume that their existence within the middle ground grants them a special immunity since they are freed from the hegemonizing tendencies of the state. In fact, Falcon herself recognizes their positionality as providing them with a space that enables them to counter the system’s legitimacy. This idea becomes her springboard for the possibility of holding the United States accountable for the human rights violations committed in the US-Mexican border. However, it is important to consider the tendency of â€Å"universal rights† to be particularistic in character, in other words, applicable to others only-particularly to the enemy of those who hold the position of power. In the 1990’s a new norm has developed in international affairs. This refers to the right of self designated â€Å"enlighted states† to resort to force in order to protect humanity†. The guiding principle behind this exists in the malleability of norms and its tendency to be placed in alignment with the interests of the powerful. An example of this is apparent in Nuremberg trials wherein an act is considered â€Å"criminal† if and only it is not one, which the victor committed. The operative definition of a crime or any form of injustice within the universal jurisdiction would be an act, which only the vanquished foe committed. A more recent example can be seen in the â€Å"war against terror† of the United States. According to the US Code and Army Manual, terrorism refers to â€Å"the use, or threat, of action which is violent, damaging, or disrupting, and is intended to influence the government or intimidate the public and is for the purpose of advancing a political, religious, or ideological cause† (qtd from George, 18). From this definition, it follows that the sexual assaults, which occur at the US-Mexico border are in themselves acts of terrorism since they are enacted in order to reinforce the United States’ hold on the territory through causing damages and disruptions in women’s lives. This presents us with the self- negating tendencies of the United States’ â€Å"messianic mission† of grafting democracy along with its ideals of freedom and liberty to the rest of the world. Although it might be stated that United States may be held accountable for it offenses against the national community, the possibility of the event is dependent upon the change of the power relations that dominate the national society. Such a change, on the other hand is dependent upon women’s recognition of their positions as transnational members of the global community capable of mobilizing against the capitalist movements in the world. Works Cited: Falcon, Sylvanna.   â€Å"‘National Security’ and the Violation of Women: Militarized Border Rape at the U.S. Mexico Border.† George, Alexander.   Western State Terrorism.   Polity: Blackwell, 1991.         

Debut Albums and Important Thing

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