Constantine s Edict Of Milan - 854 Words

Throughout history there have been moments that define the rest of time. Turning points or critical moments in which one decision or creation forever changed the path of history. Such moments as Constantine’s Edict of Milan, Gutenberg’s development of the printing press, and Martin Luther’s Ninety-five Theses forever changed the landscape of Western Civilization. Who knows where Western Civilization would be without these great â€Å"hinges† of history. In 313 CE, Constantine passed the Edict of Milan. This edict declared the freedom of everyone in the Roman Empire to choose their own religion. He neither made polytheism illegal nor did he make Christianity the official religion of Rome. Instead, to placate both pagans and Christians, both were acceptable to be practiced. This edict also stated that the emperor was protected by the â€Å"highest divinity,† whether that was God, Jupiter or any other god in the Roman pantheon. Constantine continued his work to bring pagans and Christians into peaceful coexistence. He gave the Christians their property confiscated during Diocletian’s Great Persecution, but he had the Roman treasury reimburse the people who had bought the stolen goods. He also declared the Lord’s Day to be called â€Å"Sunday† in honor of the day the Christian’s God rested and in honor of the sun, an aspect of pagan worship. He even kept the traditional title of â€Å"Pontifex Maxim us† or chief priest. After decades of persecution the Christians finally had an emperor on theirShow MoreRelatedConstantine s Declaration Of The Edict Of Milan1843 Words   |  8 PagesConstantine’s declaration of the Edict of Milan left a lasting impact on Roman society. The Edict of Milan allowed the tolerance of all religions, which influenced laws surrounding religion. This investigation will evaluate the following research question: To what extent did Constantine’s Edict of Milan, issued in 313 C.E., affect the spread of Christianity in Rome until its collapse? The investigation will address if the Edict of Milan was a turning point for Christianity in Rome, and if it hadRead MoreA Military Officer At The Time1674 Words   |  7 PagesConstantine was born in Naissus, upper Moesia on February 27th 285 ad, and was the son of Helena who was a barmaid. His father Constantius Chlorus was a military officer at the time. In 293 AD, while his father constantius wa s at the rank of Caesar, Constantine attended the court of Diocletian. His father was given the control of Gaul ( Fance). He was soon after promoted to Caesar. Rise of Diocletian Third century Rome was run down by constant barbarous attacks from the north. Diocletian becomesRead MoreByzantine Art: The Transfiguration of Christ Mosaic in Saint Catherines Monastery1377 Words   |  6 Pagesof much of the art turned from secular to religious; Christianity to be more specific. Constantine was the last emperor of the Roman Empire to hold undivided power. Under his rule, Constantine created the Edict of Milan, granting religious tolerance to all religions. This was of particular importance to Christians, who had been previously persecuted due to their spiritual beliefs. Because of the Edict of Milan, many Christian buildings were erected in addition to the many secular buildings that wereRead MoreConstantine : A Influential Leader1295 Words   |  6 PagesConstantine was a very influential leader throughout his life. He was able to accomplish many things, everything from making a major world religion possible, to running a successful empire. It all started when h e was born in around 280 CE in Naissus, Moesia, to father Flavius Valerius and mother Helena. His father became Roman emperor in around 305 CE. He was elected to the position of emperor by Maximalla, who was the emperor of Western Rome at the time. While his father was alive, Constantine wasRead MoreConstantine And Empress Helen Their Impact On Christianity1479 Words   |  6 PagesTopic: Constantine and Empress Helena: Their Impact on Christianity -Who was Constantine?: Constantine was believed to be born on February 22, either in 272 or 273 AD. The exact date and year is not definite. He was the son of Marcus Flavius Valerius Constantius Herculius Augustus (mainly known as Constantius Chlorus) and Flavia Iulia Helena Augusta (mainly known as Saint Helena). His father was an officer of the army, and his mother was an inn keeper’s daughter. His father later divorced his motherRead MoreReligion Vs. Society During The 1700s1350 Words   |  6 Pages Although religion has been around for centuries, it did not become an institution with an abundant amount of power that was able to control the mass to its favor for some time. Religion’s first appearance within an empire was in 325 A.D. when Constantine ruled the Roman Empire (Trace the History of the Roman Catholic Church). Before Christianity was named the official religion of the Roman Empire, Constantine’s predecessor, Emperor Nero, had many Christians persecuted because he believ ed ChristiansRead MoreConstantine The Great s Life1874 Words   |  8 PagesConstantine The Great, he was born on February 27, circa 280, in Naissus, Moesia (now it is Serbia). His father, Flavius Valorous was an officer in the Roman army at that time. Constantine the Great’s mother, Helena, was from humble beginnings; it is unknown whether she was the wife or concubine of Constantius. That marriage was not really a good marriage, so Constantine’s father left Helena to marry the stepdaughter of Maximian, the Western Roman emperor. After sometime Constantine’s father wasRead MoreThe Rise Of The Romans1776 Words   |  8 Pagesincreased the number of conversion of people to Catholicism. Likewise, Constantine’s reign as emperor of Rome from 306 to 337 CE incited a revolutionary movement favorable to the growth of Catholicism in power. Beginning with a rivalry between Constantine and Maxentius, both of whom wanted to claim the imperial title, the two individuals clashed in a power struggle, which inevitably gave birth to a civil war. In fact, Backman states that, â€Å"A rival named Maxentius had also claimed the imperial titleRead MoreComparison Of Roman Emperor Constantine And The Frankish Merovingian King Clovis1136 Words   |  5 PagesHowever, power was obtained through how much land one acquired. It was held to those who were politically clever and used certain strategies in order to gain territory and ultimately power. One of the strategies in which both the Roman Emperor Constantine and the Frankish Merovingian King Clovis used was the driving force of religion. Through faith, one can move mountains; this is exactly was these men did. They used peopl e’s faith to aid them in obtaining authority over land. Throughout this essayRead MoreConstantine The Great And Flavius Valerius Constantinus1114 Words   |  5 PagesPART A Constantine, more formally known as Constantine the Great or Flavius Valerius Constantinus, was born on the 27th of February in possibly 280 CE. Constantine was a Roman, and subsequently Emperor - known to be Christian. Flavius Valerius Constantius, whom was an army officer, was his father, whilst his mother is named Helena - thought to possibly be a concubine of his father. His father is known for being raised to the title of Caesar, becoming known as Constantius Chlorus, granted 3 years

Relationships in Romeo and Juliet Essay - 1107 Words

The relationship shown in Act 3 Scene 5 between Juliet and Lady Capulet is portrayed as poor. Lady Capulet is shown as a very distant mother, though this is to be expected when there is a Nurse taking care of the child from the early stages of the child’s life. In Act 3 Scene 5 Lady Capulet is very fickle in making her decision to stand up for Juliet when she decides to go against her father’s orders and not marry Paris. This lack of the ability to stand up for her own daughter just emphasises the distance between Lady Capulet and Juliet as Mother and Daughter. This fickleness is shown through related quotes like, â€Å"I would the fool were married to her grave†. Lady Capulet then changes her mind and shows some faint rebellion against Lord†¦show more content†¦In the time this play was set, a man’s daughter was seen as the man’s property, therefore the father was allowed to give his daughter to whom he thought was suitable. The daughter refusing her father’s instructions was seen as dishonourable and embarrassing for the father, for this shows a lack of power and control over his own daughter. To avoid his daughter embarrassing him like this, Lord Capulet resorts to violence, threats and insults. He shows anger and violence when he says, â€Å"My fingers itch†, meaning he would hit any of the three women present at the time. He threatens to disown his only daughter because of this rebellion, â€Å"An you be not, hang, beg, starve, die in the streets†, here Lord Capulet is basically telling her that if she doesn’t obey him then she will end up, dying on the streets. Meanwhile, throughout the whole of this argument, lord Capulet is throwing insult after insult at Juliet, names like â€Å"green sickness carrion† and â€Å"tallow face†, which mean, â€Å"green sick dead meat† and â€Å"pale, ugly, death like face†. These are really powerful insults to be calling your daughter and they just emphasise the level of anger that Lord Capulet is in. This sort of behaviour is to be expected from Lord Capulet, because he feels he has done an excellent job in securing his daughter’s future with a perfect husband, and now Juliet is throwing his best efforts in his face. He highlights how hard he has worked in finding anShow MoreRelatedRelationships in Romeo and Juliet Essay1149 Words   |  5 PagesIn this essay, I will be examining Shakespeare’s treatment of relationships in Romeo and Juliet. As a poet and playwright, he wrote 154 sonnets, 2 long narrative poems and 38 plays, one of his most famous plays being Romeo and Juliet. There are many different types of relationships between characters, and these are essential to the play. The prologue tells us that the play is about two star-crossed lovers from two feuding families, the Montagues and Capulets. There is hatred between these two familiesRead MoreRomeo And Juliet Relationship Essay766 Words   |  4 PagesHow does Shakespeare present Juliet’s changing relationships with her parents and nurse? Do you sympathise with her? Juliet is a privileged only child who comes from a wealthy family in the 16th century, in the city of Verona in Italy. Juliet’s family, the Capulets have an ongoing feud with the Montagues. Shakespeare presents similarities between both houses, ‘two households both alike in dignity’ this shows the audience that both families are similar and by using the word dignity shows they haveRead MoreRomeo Juliet - Parental Relationships1889 Words   |  8 PagesShakespeare: Romeo amp; Juliet Parental Relationships – Sample Essay 1 Explore the way Shakespeare presents Juliet’s changing relationship with her parents to the audience during the course of the play. Juliet’s relationship with her parents changes during the course of the play, she is shy, obedient and behaves in a way that is typical of a wealthy daughter of the time. By the end of the play she is disobedient and becomes very independent. The storyline of the play is about A young boy andRead MoreParental Relationships In Romeo And Juliet1951 Words   |  8 Pages Romeo and Juliet is one of the most well known plays produced by William Shakespeare. I think that by producing this play William Shakespeare wanted to show how life was for women in a patriarchal society (society ruled by men). In those times women began life as a property of their fathers and as they got married they were property of their husbands. The average age of marriage for women of nobility was 14 years old. Marriage was usually organised by the parents of both families and were arrangedRead MoreParental Relationships In Romeo And Juliet1329 Words   |  6 PagesSince reading has been around, it has been used to educate. Romeo and Juliet has been around for what seems as long as literature itself, and is still used to teach today.Written in the 1590’s, the tragic story of Romeo and Juliet is about the untimely death of two star crossed lovers, despite their feuding families. Throughout reading, it becomes clear that the attitudes of the Montagues and Capulets, Friar Lawrence and the Nurse fulfilling parental roles, and Juliet’s forced marriage caused theRead MoreThe Relationship of Juliet and Her Parents in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet2088 Words   |  9 PagesThe Relationship of Juliet and Her Parents in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Four hundred years ago, William Shakespeare wrote the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet, a popular play that continues to capture the imagination and emotions of people around the world. The drama portrays the passionate, violent and desperate lives of two lovers living in Verona, Italy. Romeo and Juliet are two star-crossed lovers showing determination to be together despite their feuding Read MoreWhat Is The Relationship Between Romeo And Juliet And Rebecca1395 Words   |  6 Pagespresented in Romeo and Juliet and Rebecca through the ways characters and the relationships between characters change throughout the two texts. In Rebecca, the relationship between the narrator and Maxim changes from one which is quite cold and distant to one which is loving and honest. For the majority of the novel, the narrator and Maxim are unable to truly connect and have an intimate relationship and there is a clear imbalance of power between the pair. Early on in their relationship we can clearlyRead MoreComparing Relationships in Romeo and Juliet and Great Expectations892 Words   |  4 PagesThe familial relationship between Juliet and her father, Lord Capulet, is quite ambivalent. It is very much affected by prominent views of the public such as patriarchy. In the medieval world of Verona in Elizabethan England, fathers were entirely in charge the household as they were viewed as dominate and more powerful. In the beginning, Lord Capulet is illustrated to be concerned that marriage to the â€Å"Gallant† and â€Å"noble† County Paris is too sudden for his daughter. My child is yet a strangerRead MoreThe Role of the Nurse in Her Relationship with Juliet in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet782 Words   |  4 PagesNurse in Her Relationship with Juliet in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Romeo and Juliet is a play written by Shakespeare. It is about two feuding families, the Capulets and the Montagues, whose children fall in love. The play ends in tragedy when both Romeo and Juliet die. At the time this play was written and set society was very different. For instance, people didnt live as long therefore got married earlier that is why is was acceptable for Juliet to marry atRead MoreThe Relationship Between Lord Capulet and Juliet in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet1928 Words   |  8 PagesThe Relationship Between Lord Capulet and Juliet in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet Capulet first appears to be an aggressive man. It can be seen in act 1, scene 1, when there is a brawl on the streets of Verona, that Capulet hastily tries to join the fighting. Give me my long sword, ho. Capulet appears to agree with the conflict, and stays loyal to his family name. Capulet seems to be commanding and powerful. He shall be enduredà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Am I the master here or you

Financial Forecast Principles of Corporate Finance

Question: Describe about the Financial Forecast for Principles of Corporate Finance. Answer: Assessment 1 Financial forecast and significance Financial forecasting is a fiscal management tool that helps in estimating relevant information based on the past, present and expected financial conditions. This helps in identification of future income and expenditure trends that might have a long-term or immediate influence on the strategic goals, government policies etc (Fields, 2011). Successful companies rely on such financial forecasting to develop business strategies because companies doing an accurate financial forecast always advance ahead and do not lag behind. Financial forecasting is an important tool if companies are applying for a loan. It also plays a major role where the companys operations are cyclical, so that cash shortfalls can be overcome and company can plan ahead accordingly by paying its payroll, rent and other expenses (Deegan, 2011). If a company is planning to introduce a new product into its business, then financial forecasting can allow the companies to construct a model of how its business will perform financially if specific strategies are carried out. Performance of Dr. Reddy In the year 2007-2208, there is a fall in the revenue by 22%which amounts to INR 51,945 from the previous figure of INR 66,418 and this can be attributed due to setbacks of interim nature with the third party suppliers. The alteration in the dynamics of the market urged the company to spot the Betapharma value. Assets impairment worth $406 million was taken in the past 3 years. As per the statements, it can be commented that the revenue, as well as shares increased, the impairment of goodwill, the non-cash write-down of intangible assets is a strong reflection on the margin, as well as profitability portraying a loss of INR 9172 million in the year 2009. Revenue enhanced by 39% taking the figure to INR 70,000 million. Moreover, going by the moves of Dr Reddy it can be said that the company is banking on a positive note. Importance of Sales Forecasting Sales forecasting can help to easily adjust the demand and supply of products by overcoming the temporary demand in the light of expected estimate. It can help in benefitting the inventory control by avoiding the weaknesses of over-stocking and under-stocking. Sales forecast also helps in the facilitation of territory allocation and reallocation (Davies Crawford, 2012). Sales volume can be estimated by various factors such as territory potential that includes estimating the market potential for a product line in a geographical region. It can also be estimated by the past sales experience by taking the past years sales for every geographical sales region, add a percentage of arbitrage and decide the sales volume. Companies also use executive judgement for estimating the sales volume when the market information is absent. The senior managers or executives apply their judgement based on the past experience to forecast the sales volume (Choi Meek, 2011). Significance of Pro forma statements Pro forma (as a matter of form) is applied to the method of presenting financial projections for a particular period of time in a standardized format. These are used by businesses for decision making and control processes and for external reporting to investors, creditors and owners. It can be used as a basis of comparison and analysis so that the management, credit officers and investment analysts can be provided a feel for a specific nature of the financial structure of a business (Graham Smart, 2012). It is a vital organ of the planning process and can also help in minimizing the risks associated with the initiation and operation of a business. Importance of External Funds External funds are acquired from outside sources of a company. If investment having a high interest rate can be found than the secured bank loan obtained by a company, then preservation of own resources can be done and these external funds can be used for the investment purpose. External funds can also be utilized for financing growth projects that the company could not have funded itself (Brigham Ehrhardt, 2011). Sources of external funds like shareholders and investors requires the company to give its portion of ownership in exchange of funds and in this way, companies can obtain huge influx of cash that can be invested for different purposes like launch of a new product etc (Horngren, 2013). Assessment 2 An organization cannot operate in isolation. It is influenced by various factors and different environment. It needs to be noted that change is inevitable and organizations has to undergo changes to adapt to the prevailing situation. The external environment influences the overall organization and it is not easy to control the external environment (Brigham Daves, 2012). The external environment is: Changes in the economy the prevailing situation in the economy plays a leading role in influencing the operations of the organization. If the economy is booming it will lend support to the business and vice versa. Competition threats organization operates under threat from the customers. The rivals are always in the hunt to gather a leading edge and this is done through many ways. Government rules the rules of the government also influences the organization. If the government regulations are rigid in nature it hampers the smooth functioning while a lenient policy helps the business. Organizational structure, as well as objectives helps in financial forecasts because a well designed structure along with firm objective helps in management and cost accounting that ultimately leads to preparation of the budgets. When the budgets are prepared in an appropriate manner, it helps in forecasting the financial aspect of the business (Horngren, 2013). The key success factor for organization can be done through reputation, endurance, credibility and the operations in Wangaratta and Benalla for the period of 50 years. Moreover, the community focus also plays a pivotal role along with the quality and responsibility. The professional approach also plays a leading role in delivering success such as governance, finance, innovation, systems, etc. The factor of governance and integrated system helps in achievement of the objective and ensure success (Brealey et. al, 2011). Through SWOT analysis we can define the organization. Strength A strong brand with a strong network Continuous performance in the long term Financial management Innovative management and strong capacity Weakness Aging websites Improper access to staff or trainers Inability to adapt to strong change Weak relation with HESG Opportunities Leading role in community projects Online learning, enrolment and registration. Staff development Products driven by market Threats Turnover of the staff Remuneration Funding of the government Exposure to economic environment The centre derives income through various sources like Commonwealth and State government, statutory authorities and other fee derived from business, as well as individuals. The development of budgets every year helps in keeping a tab over income and expenses. The bottom up approach is considered in this scenario (Burke et. al, 2010). The scenario in the past three years indicates that there is a decline in the total income along with increment of the expenses. The operating profit has turned negative and event the growth income that stood at -28.8%. As per the budgeted figure the total income will enhance in the coming three years with an increment in the operating profit (Brealey et. al, 2011). The position of the organization was affected in 2013 by non compliance and a surplus was seen in 2014. The total income enhanced from 2009 to 2012 while declined in 2013. At the same time expenses increased considerably. There was a change in the reported profit in the past three years where a decline was witnessed. The growth projects that after an increase in 2012 it slumped in 2013. This indicates a strong show but the figures are weak in 2013 and hence call for a strong attention by the management. Moreover, the business plan clearly indicates that the external environment is an important factor that plays a leading role when it comes to the organization point of view. The external environment like customer base, competitor policy all plays a leading role and hence needs to be considered in an effective manner (Albrecht et. al, 2011). There are various risks that come in the way of the organization. Maintenance of cash reserves is an important consideration and hence operations will be impacted. The customer and the funding base have been subjected to risk but only few contracts has accounted for over 50% of the funding base. Therefore, the risk pertains to funding agreements and the large contracts are prone to breach. Therefore, limiting such risk is not in control. The key assumption for the purpose of forecasting is taken from the budgeted figures that is taken with the help of past year trend. The operations clearly indicate that there will be a growth in the operations. Therefore, the total income can be projected to be high in the upcoming years. Similarly with the growth in the income there will be an increment in the expenses and operating profit will scale higher. Moreover, the external environment will play a leading role. While considering the external environment utmost importance is provided to the government regulations, policies and the competition. It is assumed that the government policy will aid in prosperity of the organization and will create better opportunities. Moreover, a cut-throat competition will aid in bringing favorable result to the organization as a whole. Assessment 3 Cash flow statement forecast Financial forecast for the next year Statement of cash flows For the financial year ended 31st December 2015 2015 2014 2013 Operating Activities Subscription entrance fees 157,92,304.85 137,32,439.00 104,74,318.00 Training, examination Assessment fees 239,11,574.00 224,11,574.00 209,41,063.00 Sponsorship and donations 30,26,000.00 27,76,000.00 25,29,068.00 Conference registrations 35,47,798.00 31,97,798.00 20,77,466.00 Property rental recoveries 13,50,753.00 10,50,753.00 7,83,782.00 Project income and associated fees 203,35,142.30 184,86,493.00 162,52,001.00 Interest income 25,342.00 34,342.00 43,453.00 Other income 1,80,000.00 2,18,451.00 6,20,779.00 Payments to suppliers and employees (628,62,810.00) (566,62,810.00) (469,44,296.00) Net cash flows from operating activities 53,06,104.15 52,45,040.00 67,77,634.00 Investing activities Net movement from investment securities (31,42,835.00) (31,12,835.00) (30,81,431.00) Payments for property, plant and equipment (6,15,044.00) (18,15,044.00) (14,86,950.00) Net proceeds from sale property 6,56,655.00 5,06,655.00 19,53,755.00 Net cash flows used in investing activities (31,01,224.00) (44,21,224.00) (26,14,626.00) Financing activities - - - Net cash flows used in financing activities - - - Net increase in cash and short term deposits 22,04,880.15 8,23,816.00 41,63,008.00 Cash and short term deposits at 1 January 2015 163,66,097.00 155,42,281.00 113,79,273.00 Cash and short term deposits at 31 December 2015 185,70,977.15 163,66,097.00 155,42,281.00 Sales Forecast Sales forecast Training Based sales due to change in the demographic 1500000 admission for new community programme 15% Revenue increase 20% Particulars 2015 2014 Subscription entrance fees 157,92,304.00 137,32,439.00 Training, examination Assessment fees 239,11,574.00 224,11,574.00 Sponsorship and donations 30,26,000.00 27,76,000.00 college operation 284,12,884.80 236,77,404.00 sales forecast 711,42,762.80 625,97,417.00 Profit and Loss forecast Particulars 2015 2014 2013 Continuing Operations Revenue from operating activities 711,42,762.80 625,97,417.00 553,37,919.00 Net surplus on sale of property 5,56,500.00 4,96,190.00 10,81,605.00 Other income from investments 35,56,981.00 38,56,961.00 86,06,362.00 Revenue 752,56,243.80 669,50,568.00 650,25,886.00 Expenditure Personnel costs 323,45,706.00 203,45,706.00 191,08,694.00 Consultants fees - clinical 9,76,667.00 8,76,667.00 7,65,866.00 Consultants fees - management 19,44,968.00 16,44,968.00 13,17,342.00 Telephone, teleconference and audio visual costs 9,28,941.00 8,58,941.00 9,30,701.00 Printing, stationery and photocopying 16,02,664.00 15,75,664.00 15,48,950.00 Postage and courier costs 7,04,417.00 6,64,417.00 7,03,837.00 Information system costs 12,66,824.00 11,76,824.00 12,66,163.00 Travel and accommodation 60,85,893.00 55,35,893.00 49,92,152.00 Associations and library publications 9,97,334.00 7,72,334.00 5,49,193.00 Audit, legal and professional fees 1,50,000.00 1,34,504.00 3,60,535.00 Bank fees and merchant charges 6,70,000.00 6,61,952.00 5,63,839.00 Rent, rates, power, repairs and other property cost 24,46,909.00 23,16,909.00 21,96,683.00 Insurance 2,18,817.00 3,38,817.00 3,51,303.00 Project equipment purchases, hire and repairs 9,97,244.00 8,97,244.00 7,20,356.00 Training manuals and consumables used in education and field projects 7,20,579.00 6,75,579.00 6,30,711.00 Scholarships, fellowships and research grants 11,50,883.00 11,10,883.00 12,71,300.00 Awards, other grants, gifts and prizes 8,60,443.00 5,60,443.00 5,38,980.00 Grants funded from external sources 5,39,144.00 91,82,180.00 63,11,364.00 Facilities hire and catering costs 54,91,793.00 41,91,793.00 28,29,648.00 Foreign exchange loss 18,000.00 21,070.00 2,02,086.00 Depreciation expense 15,23,498.70 23,02,257.00 27,45,787.00 Amortisation expense lease incentive 64,846.00 64,846.00 64,846.00 Specialist societies funding costs 38,94,707.00 41,40,769.00 43,86,831.00 Committee and office bearers costs 1,57,010.00 82,800.00 8,590.00 Doubtful debts expense 1,11,404.00 91,404.00 9,734.00 QSEC write-off development and legal costs - - - 4,180.00 Other expenses from operating activities 4,52,560.00 4,02,560.00 4,56,606.00 Expenditure 663,21,251.70 606,27,424.00 548,36,277.00 Surplus for the period 89,34,992.10 63,23,144.00 101,89,609.00 Other Comprehensive Income Foreign currency translation (3,680.00) (1,198.00) (15,536.00) TOTAL SURPLUS 89,31,312.10 63,21,946.00 101,74,073.00 Key Assumption and forecast The company has decided to increase the sales in the year 2015. The young generation people want to go abroad and do further studies. They are interested to join this college because this college is providing a better education. Even the student who are staying here are keen to join this college. This college is improving their way of teaching every year. At present it is thinking to introduce a new community programs which will make the company sales to be increase by 15 percent. Even they are changing its strategy so that the revenue will increase by 20 percent (Horngren, 2013). The planning of the new programs and various new activities to be launched in the coming year will make the sales increase to $ 71,142,762. Key Milestone Even in todays era company are requiring different type of qualities in the young generation people. This college is giving this type of training to the students so that after leaving this company they get their job immediately because of this quality of the college the sales are being increased. Due to the new strategy operating profit will increase by $ 8,913,312.10 compare to the previous year in which the profit was $ 6,312,946. The college is member of the Australian council for international development (ACFID). This ACFID will build trust among the stakeholders and will also lead to international development of the colleges. Though there are some of the external factors that lead to a positive impact on the environment. Some of the college programs are now available online because of that student can do abroad studies by sitting at their native place. For having a new style of studies young generation are approaching abroad colleges. Key Assumptions The present scenario is that young minds are going abroad for pursuing their higher studies which lead to an n increase in revenue. In order to improve their career opportunities young student are going abroad. The company has also forecast that they will give awards to students like scholarship which will help more and more students to participate in any project (Libby et. al, 2011). It leads to increase in expenses of awards, gifts prizes to $ 860,433. The picture for emerging market and developing economies is diverse but in many cases challenging. The continuous trend of new development, new community programs for youth will continue to weigh on the growth prospectus in coming years. Even the company wants to invest in new location for that it wants to spend S 12, 00,000 in the following project. It will lead to increase in the land acquired by them with the help of this they will recruit more more students for giving education. Even it in the coming year they will recruit more employees so that the work of the college are done quite easily. The current asset of the college is $ 92,259,439 which shows that the college is very much flexible they will run smoothly even in the adverse situation. Rationale used External environment affect a lot on the economy. The college is now focusing on the new development and even them giving training programs. The colleges are now scanning and monitoring so that they have huge development in the coming year. The external environment is divided into market, industry and macro environment. The colleges are even changing their way of studies according to the market trends such as online classes have been started for students. The market environment focuses on the students, faculty and colleges in abroad. The macro environment aim in the word (STEEP) social, technology, economic, environment and political. They are interrelated to each other. If any of the factors are being affected then it will affect the whole economy. The following factor should be stable so that the college trends of increase in economy remain stable. A sense of positive approach should be there and more and more students should come from outside for having higher education (Melville, 2013). Factors that impact the financial forecast The college must also focus on the following to have growth in the economy such as change with requirement of the market, social values. The proper analysis is the first priority with regard to development strategy. Even the government is funding grants to the college so that they give education to the young generation. Thus they are also getting help from the government in education related purposes. The audit fees have also been increase a little bit according to the forecast because of which profit have increase (Needles Powers, 2013). Even the college is providing a proper diet food in the college which will lead to catering cost being increase to $ 5,491,793. For this type of forecast a very experienced batch of faculty are needed who will do a proper forecast. Due to this forecast only they will go in the right path in the coming year. Assessment 4 The overall assignment is based on the concept of financial forecasting and methods. Dr Reddy has been studied for the purpose of financial reporting. From the assessment it has come to the forefront that financial forecasting plays a dominant role in the strategic growth of the company. The performance of Dr Reddy in the past year has been formidable except the previous year where there has been a downfall. Further, the importance of pro forma statement has been discussed and the need of external funds has been correctly chalked out. The performance of a company depends upon various factors and financial forecasting is an important tool because the future course of action needs to be pre determined so that proper action can be taken in this regard (Northington, 2011). The Centre for continuing Education has been discussed in Assessment 2. In this scenario, the business plan has been reviewed and the external environment in which the organization operates is studied. Moreover, the success factor of the organization has been brought to the forefront. A SWOT analysis has been to analyse the performance. A business functions under internal, as well as external environment and both play a major role in shaping the destiny of the business. External environment should not be strict else it might lead to a pause in the business. The Assessment 3 has been done to shed light on the financial forecast and budget. The financial forecast has been done with the help of excel features. Therefore, the cash flow forecast, sales forecast, profit and loss forecast. Various parameters have been undertaken and the business plan was designed with the following trends (Williams, 2012). Further with the help of various assessment criteria, the study has been done. Proper analysis is the need of the hour and this has been highly advocated. It also emphasizes that the process of forecasting involves a number of parameters for the business. According to the parameter it becomes easy to forecast. Further with the help of forecasting proper answers has been delivered about the functioning and future growth. References Albrecht, W., Stice, E. and Stice, J 2011, Financial accounting, Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Brealey, R., Myers, S. and Allen, F 2011, Principles of corporate finance, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Brigham, E. Daves, P 2012, Intermediate Financial Management , USA: Cengage Brigham, E.F. Ehrhardt, M.C 2011, Financial Management: Theory and Practice, USA: Cengage Learning. Burke, A., Van, S. A., Thurik, R 2010, Blue ocean vs. five forces, Harvard Business Review,vol. 88, no. 5, pp. 28-29. Choi, R.D. and Meek, G.K 2011, International accounting, Pearson . Davies, T. and Crawford, I 2012, Financial accounting, Harlow, England: Pearson. Deegan, C. M 2011, In Financial accounting theory, North Ryde, N.S.W: McGraw-Hill. Fields, E 2011, The essentials of finance and accounting for nonfinancial managers, New York: American Management Association. Graham, J. and Smart, S 2012, Introduction to corporate finance, Australia: South-Western Cengage Learning. Horngren, C 2013, Financial accounting, Frenchs Forest, N.S.W: Pearson Australia Group. Libby, R., Libby, P. and Short, D 2011,Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Melville, A 2013, International Financial Reporting A Practical Guide, 4th edition, Pearson, Education Limited, UK Needles, B.E. Powers, M 2013, Principles of Financial Accounting, Financial Accounting Series: Cengage Learning. Northington, S 2011, Finance, New York, NY: Ferguson's. Williams, J 2012, Financial accounting, New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

The pros and cons of using development assistance/foreign aid to promote democratization and good governance Essay Example

The pros and cons of using development assistance/foreign aid to promote democratization and good governance Essay The granting of foreign aid/ development assistance to developing and underdeveloped countries can often is a challenging task. While these countries definitely need assistance from the developed world, charitable intentions doesn’t necessarily translate into desired outcomes. That is why the decision makers in government and other international financial institutions will have to weigh the pros and cons of each grant and come to a conclusion based on individual cases. The rest of this essay will elaborate the positive and negative factors that facilitate or thwart foreign aid issuance. Firstly, citizens in donor nations often think of their aid to developing countries as a humanitarian cause. Their intention is to do the morally correct thing and to demonstrate goodwill toward disadvantaged people of the world. Whether this intention is manifest as private philanthrophic aid or government sanctioned aid, it is often regarded as a â€Å"gift or a way of acting on fundamental values, particularly religious tenets, humanitarian principles, and universal rights.† (Dervil, et. al, 2010, p.1) Such altruistic and benevolent intention needs to be appreciated and rewarded. It also brings a sense of solidarity among people of different nationalities, which is a desirable outcome. We will write a custom essay sample on The pros and cons of using development assistance/foreign aid to promote democratization and good governance specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The pros and cons of using development assistance/foreign aid to promote democratization and good governance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The pros and cons of using development assistance/foreign aid to promote democratization and good governance specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It could also be argued that covering one’s strategic interests is a legitimate goal by itself. Thereby, one could justify the encompassing of foreign aid under the strategic policy framework. For example, much of the assistance provided around the world by the United States during the Cold War was aimed at shaping spheres of influence without much regard for actual development. Proponents argue that this was essential in maintaining power equations in global politics and in preventing catastrophic military entanglements, such as the hypothetical Third World War. (Siegle et.al, 2004, p.66) Similarly, such outlays are in contrast to another variety of wielding influence as illustrated by the Marshall Plan, which was projected as â€Å"development assistance in the form of investment†. (Siegle et.al, 2004, p.66) In contemporary global politics, a similar policy is being adopted by China, whose development assistance to Africa is seen as a manifestation of its growing global clout. (Dervil, et. al, 2010, p.2) Furthermore, development assistance can also be viewed as one key instrument among an array of policy measures that is deployed as a way of gaining a return on investment. Return on investment in turn translates into economic security and global stability. Similarly, purported efforts to stimulate and help grow emerging market economies in Asia and South America can be seen as diversification of investment risks panning the globe. That such influx of funds will lead to sustainable and balanced economic growth is the key imperative and development of democracy and transparent governance is incidental to the cause. This has generally been the attitude shown by the Group of Twenty countries that essentially assign and prioritize distribution of aid internationally. Further, â€Å"Aid programs targeting pandemic diseases and the capacity of developing country systems to execute quality surveillance, treatment, and prevention can be viewed as an investment in the productivity of those countries and in global public health. On the harder, military security side of the equation, civilian conflict prevention and conflict transformation efforts in fragile states are frequently touted as cost-effective investments in comparison with military intervention and the costs of either peace enforcement or war.† (Dervil, et. al, 2010, p.1) Coming to the negative aspects of the practice of giving financial aid, many countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America qualify for Highly Impoverished Poor Countries category. But not all of them get due attention and assistance from the international community, and aid does not always get distributed based on how compelling the conditions are. In contemporary geo-politics the United States plays an important role in deciding which countries get aid and which do not. But these decisions are not dictated by local economic imperatives, considerations for democracy promotion or the prospect of improved governance in the receiving country. In other words, assistance that is labeled development aid is also used by some governments purely as a means of geopolitical influence. Although such influence is also intended to benefit the donor’s economic and security aims, â€Å"what distinguishes this approach from a true development investment approach is that, in this form, aid is treated wholly as an instrument of political leverage, and development outcomes are neither the end nor the means to the end†. (Dervil, et. al, 2010, p.4) As decisions to give aid have usually tended to discount democratic criteria, a large percentage of development assistance aid has been provided to autocratic leaderships. Barring the rhetoric about the thrust for democracy promotion, the ground reality is that Western democracies, led by the United States works within a policy framework that is tilted against democracy. So, developmental aid can help both the donor and recipient nations, without fostering democratic institutions in the latter. This is one of the major drawbacks in the practice of giving financial aids. (Carothers, et.al, 2007, p.3) Key decision makers should also be mindful of the fact that aid handed over to unreliable receivers is bound to be misused. In most cases, even the intentions behind aid giving tend to be business oriented. As a result, the term ‘aid market’ has come into parlance, reflecting the commercialization of what was originally meant to be a humanitarian enterprise. If not outright business interests, aid tends to be directed toward strategically important geographic locations irrespective of urgency. Security policy objectives will usually be bound together with anti-poverty goals, often with no unifying implementation program. This approach is likely to lead to dismal outcomes. (Carothers, et.al, 2007, p.3) Many poor countries also see aid as a threat to their sovereignty and refuse infusion of funds on these grounds. Hence, the practice of providing aid to impoverished or crisis-ridden countries is seldom a straightforward process carried out with noble intentions. It involves a lot of complexities and hurdles. One of the key hurdles is the continued presence of institutional barriers that make aid initiatives prone to budgetary restrictions. Diminished willingness to accept aid in the prevailing structural arrangement has also dampened aid transfers in recent years. There are some desperately poor countries that are willing to put up with these handicaps and willing to accept aid, but unfortunately are unable to convince donors that the funds would be properly expended. And finally, another hindrance to foreign aid â€Å"is the new cozy relationships with private and voluntary organizations, funded by official aid, and competing with them for taxpayer and commercial support.† (Rogerson, et.al, 2004, p.2) Finally, when one employs sophisticated analytical tools to track delivery of aid, to measure governance and transparency, to gather public opinion in the recipient nations, then a greater understanding of financial aid can be achieved. By using these tools, experts are able to conclude that accountability is one of the weak areas. (Siegle et.al, 2004, p.66)

Marxist Theory Essays - Characters In Macbeth,

Marxist Theory The Marxist literary theory is based on the idealistic notion of socialism, therefore, economics is at the center of Marxism. Everyone is equal and nobody has more money than anyone else. The Marxist theory says that all actions follow a logical, scientific pattern. That statement is the complete opposite from the world Macbeth lived in where status was gained by murder, and immortality was gained by dying. Social progress is also a key aspect of Marxism. It involves the advancement of the whole community not just one person, to the point where everyone is equal. Marxism also encourages the formation of a middle class and equality among all the people of the community. From a Marxist point of view, materialism is seen as a step backwards because the people who feel the need to accumulate wealth and possessions do not understand their responsibility to their fellow folk. Macbeth is lacking self-respect and confidence by conforming to the wishes and demands of those around him such as the witches and most of all Lady Macbeth. This is a form of social regression, which is a point of consistency in Macbeth's character. Duncan was one of the most beloved kings and by Macbeth killing Duncan he creates countrywide corruption. By killing Duncan he not only destroys a country, he destroys himself. The gradual deterioration of Macbeth's sanity is matched with Macbeth's loyalty to the King. After his newfound power in the Thane of Cawdor his loyalty and self-respect take a drastic plunge. As Lady Macbeth slowly influences him to kill Duncan, Macbeth becomes more and more committed to the idea of power. Lady Macbeth keeps on wanting more and more and as Macbeth slowly transforms into her he becomes as greedy and materialistic as her. Marxism is against materialism because if one hoards all the goods than there can be no equality within the community. Materialis m in any form does not serve the common good of the society. Duncan's murder is a slow process because it his first and he contemplates the severity and consequences of this murder more so than any to follow. By killing Duncan Macbeth killed God's divine presence on earth and by killing Macbeth, MacDuff kills the devil's presence on earth. Before Macbeth kills the king he contemplates the consequences of the crime. Macbeth, at this point, is not planning on killing Duncan. It is in more of a hypothetical context. ?But in these cases we still have judgement here; that we but teach bloody instructions, which, being taught return to plague th' inventor.? -- Macbeth Act I vii lines 7-10. Macbeth knows that the action of this crime will haunt him and eventually ruin him. If he kills Duncan someone will ultimately take his life. He realizes the consequences of his actions and knows that eventually they will come back to haunt him and possibly have the same thing done to him. He does not think that he will ever actually kill the king, only for the king. In the war when Macbeth served loyally and killed for the country and everyone in it he was fitting in with the ideas of Marxism. By serving everyone Macbeth along with everyone else was progressing. But when he kills Duncan he kills for purely selfish reasons. ?I am afraid to think what I have done; Look on't again I dare not.? Macbeth is completely terrified and beside himself at what he has done. He already wants to block it out of his memory. This is just the beginning of the journey he is going to take towards complete anti-Marxist behavior. Banquo's murder shows what level Macbeth allowed himself to stoop to. He had his best friend murdered in an effort to cover up his mistake. This is the perfect example of how power in the wrong hands can so quickly go awry. ?So he is mine (enemy), and in such bloody distance that every minute of my his being thrusts against my near'st of life: and though I could with barefaced power sweep him from my sight and bid my will avouch it (III,i ll. 16-20) Macbeth declares to the murderers while convincing them that Banquo is the enemy, that

The Perversity Of The Congo Essays - Congo Free State, Free Essays

The Perversity Of The Congo Essays - Congo Free State, Free Essays The Perversity Of The Congo In the novel Heart of Darkness by Joseph Conrad one of the major themes is the perversity of the Congo. What is good and evil in the European world becomes distorted and hazy in the heart of Africa. To the outside world white is good and black is evil; it is as simple as that. This philosophy is embodied in Marlows aunt, who believes that his job is to bring light into the land of darkness and to enlighten the savages. This idea, however, becomes corrupted when white objects symbolize suffering and greed instead of good, and light images hide the presence of darkness. Symbols such as, a white rag, white imperialists and ivory, no longer represent the good will of the imperialists, on the other hand they represent the exploitation and chaos that the Europeans have brought to the Congo. The main character Marlow is faced with this confusion as he voyages through the jungle, and he must reevaluate his former opinions, which no longer hold true. The European philosophy is shown through the conversation that Marlow has with his aunt before commencing his adventure. According to her, his job seems clear: to bring civilization and light to the heart of darkness. Instead of focusing on the horrors of imperialism she is disillusioned to believe that it is all for the better. The Europeans, especially the British have no respect for other cultures or other ways of life, and they truly believe that they are helping the Africans. Not by choice but because of the white mans burden they feel the need to [wean] those ignorant millions from their horrid ways(28). To the outside this seems like an earnest motive; however, once inside Marlow begins to see new forms of corruption. Are the imperialists their to help, or are they there to make money to fulfill their greed? He begins to realize that it is not the black savages who represent evil, but rather the selfish whites. This corruption is further shown through the novel with symbols that reveal that perversity of the jungle. None of Marlows previous beliefs hold true in the Congo and he must reevaluate what is light and what is dark. He is confronted with the distortion of images and confusion at the first station. He sees a group of natives in the shade and immediately compares it to hell. As he states: Black shapes crouched, lay, sat between the trees, leaning against the trunks, clinging to the earth, half coming out, half effaced within the dim light, in all the attitudes of pain, abandonment, and despair(35). He notices one figure in particular, one with a white rag around his neck. Is it the natives who create this feeling of suffering or is it the whites? These people are in the shade because they have nothing to live for anymore. The imperialists have destroyed their way of life and now they are eagerly awaiting death. The corruption is not in the black boy, rather in the white rag. What it symbolizes is not clear. Marlow asks, Where did he get it? Was it a badge an ornament a charm a propitiatory actIt looked startling round his black neck, this bit of white thread from beyond the seas(35). Marlow does not know why exactly the boy is wearing the rag; however, he does know that the Europeans brought it - along with suffering and corruption. Rather than bringing light to the natives, they have brought nothing but pain and chaos. This confusion in appearances is show again with the alternative motives of the whites. They are not humanitarians helping a civilization out of good will. They are there out of greed and corruption. Without the presence of society, the inner core of humans is revealed and what is white on the outside is sometimes black on the inside. This reversal of appearances is displayed in all the imperialists that Marlow comes across. One is the manager at the first station. He gives the allusion of being a gentleman with his European clothing and manners, yet inside he is filled with crookedness. In order to maintain this image he must train a native to follow his

Muscular Dystrophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Muscular Dystrophy - Essay Example As muscular Dystrophy is a genetic disorder, patients suffering from it have wrong or missing information in their genes, which inhibits or stops the production of protein dystrophin that is vital for strong and healthy muscles. The result is that in patients suffering from Muscular Dystrophy, their muscles tend to become weak with the passage of time (Tingle, 1990, p. 28). The adults suffering from Muscular Dystrophy eventually lose the ability to perform normal body activities like walking and moving around. Some patients develop Muscular Dystrophy when they are mere babies, while many other patients begin to exhibit symptoms at a later stage. Some patients even develop Muscular Dystrophy at an adult stage. The life expectancy in a Muscular Dystrophy directly depends on the extent to which one’s muscles have weakened and the degree of their impact on heart and lung functioning (Tingle, 1990). Though much scientific research is taking place to find a cure for Muscular Dystrop hy, at present there is no cure for this disease. Patients with Muscular Dystrophy could resort to physiotherapy to prevent the stiffening of their muscles. Sometimes surgery or braces are used to restore muscle flexibility (Emery, 2000, p. 56, 58). In acute cases, respiratory aids like ventilators may be required (Emery, 2000, p. 63). Conclusively speaking, though there is no cure for Muscular Dystrophy, the patients could resort to varied available medical interventions to improve the quality of their life.

Norbert Elias and the History of Manners Assignment

Norbert Elias and the History of Manners - Assignment Example Elias critically examinees the historical norms that have been put in place over time and how these have been received and implemented in several societies. An example is an issue of spitting in public places. Elias (156) argues that the series quotations or norms that involve the issue of spitting has drastically changed since the middle ages in a particular direction, and in among Europeans considered as being the most unpleasant behavior, and has even been viewed as being unhealthy. The process through which these types of manners have been evolving to be accepted by society as Elias elaborates would constitute a process through which civilization has taken place. As described above, civility according to Calhoun is communicating an attitude of mannerism towards others. Elias critical examines how social issues such as cleanliness, spitting, and others that would constitute mannerism, have evolved to amount to a process through which civilization has evolved in society. Largely, E lias utilizes rhetoric to evaluate how mannerism, has evolved over time to form widely embraced social manners. Elias (159 explains that the inclination to spit or even look at the sputum in children or even in a dream and its corresponding suppression can be viewed in the specific comic that overcomes us when such similar things are spoken in the general public. Elias in this presents the idea of the malleability of psychic life. The use of children is significant of how the society is eager to learn on its way to civilization in a process that would amount to psychological development in the formation of attitudes that would later be embraced as the standards of public order. It is in such a process that civilization would be said to amount to psychological maturity, where the society develops codes of behaviors that come to be understood and embraced as signs of respect towards others, which has been explained as the essence of maturity. The formed trends that involve codes and n orms concerning public behavior or how one should have respect to others as a process to civility then led to the psychology regarding the art of observing people. Elias (104) argues that this psychology cannot be taken in the scientific view, but as the ability that stems out of the importance of life at a court that clearly defines the capacities, motives and the limits that other people have. It is through a court process that the gestures, expressions, intentions and other behaviors of people are weighed to critically examine their meanings and to the extent that they contradict with respect to others, public decency.

Industrial Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Industrial Relations - Essay Example On the example of relevant studies and researches, a special attention is paid to the influence of globalization in LDCs’ manufacturing sector. 1. Introduction The modern phenomenon of globalization is a wide-spread issue for the discussion in numerous researches and studies. It cannot be denied that various dynamic phenomena are correlated with this background. The limits of different nations are blurred and it is appropriate to focus on specific criteria for development of different employment patterns, which differ from the ones, which existed previously. Actually, there are many different aspects of globalization and we will further focus on economic globalization. With respect to it, we found it necessary to define the phenomenon of economic globalization: â€Å"Economic globalization refers to the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and ra pid spread of technologies. It reflects the continuing expansion and mutual integration of market frontiers, and is an irreversible trend for the economic development in the whole world at the turn of the millennium1 † It can be surely claimed that the development of technologies and flow of international capital across different countries enable foreign markets to create a great number of new jobs. Employment goes at a full pace, but very often this process evokes numerous different reactions of the society. On the one hand, globalization has been gradually increasing in the world of economy and different changes happened to foster the processes of globalization. 2. Economic Globalization: Pros and Cons in the Manufacturing Industry of LDCs Let us focus on the economic globalization and its impact on less developed countries (LDCs). In this case we will see the following picture: tariff barriers for international trade became much lower and there is a coming process of a high -speed market development in the world. The world trade, goods and products are on the way of their constant expansion and development. As a result, the cost of transportation and communication around the world are expanding the laws of international regulations. Consequently, conditions of employment for the employees in different fields should be correlated with the options of investments and a free financial flaw. It was found out by Lee (1996) that â€Å"there  is  a  significant  current  of  apprehension over  the  implications  of  globalization  for  employment  and  income  inequality.On  the  face  of  it  this  is  difficult  to  reconcile  wih  the  voluntary  shift  towards  a more  open  world  economy  in  democratic  societies,  which  are  also  the  only countries  where  the  apprehension  is  voiced†2. Moreover, LDCs have many opportunities to follow credit process line of the government and the global society to improve their production. Less developed firms are encouraged and supported internationally. There are many winners in employment nowadays, but there are many losers as well. Globalization often leads to job losses, but at the same time it can create a number of interesting and prospective jobs. There are different patterns of global trade and employment generation is on the prospective edge of having many opportunities for development. Economic  globalization  has always intensified changes of employment patterns. This resulted

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Causes and Treatment

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): Causes and Treatment Urinary tract is the most common organ to experience infection which occurs from neonates to geriatrics. It account for 8.3 million doctor visit each year and represent the second most common infection in the human body (Sumaira Zareef et al.,2009). By the advancement of age, the attack of UTI increases in men due to prostate enlargement and neurogenic bladder. Recurrent infections are common and will lead to irreversible damage of the kidneys, which result in renal hypertension and renal failure in severe cases. In community, women are more prone to develop UTI and 20% of women experience a single episode of UTI during their lifetime and 3% of women may have more than one episode of UTI per year. Pregnancy also makes them more sensitive to infection. Catheter-associated UTI is a trenchant problem and bacteriuria is found in 5% of catheterised patients (Das R N et al., 2006). Urinary tract infection refers to the presence of microbes in the urinary tract. The frequency of pathogens v aries upon hospitalization, sexual intercourse, and catheterization (Getenet B et al., 2011). About 150 million people are diagnosed for having urinary tract infection with a very high risk of morbidity and mortality (Raza S et al., 2011). Urinary tract infection is found more in women when compared with men the reason may be due to anatomical structure or because of the urothelial mucosa attachment to the muco polysaccharide lining or due to other factors (Tampekar et al., 2006). Urinary tract infection is second only to respiratory tract in acquiring microbial infections (Raza S et al., 2011). Classification of Urinary Tract Infection: Urinary tract infection may be classified as upper urinary tract infection and lower urinary tract infection. According to the infected site, if its bladder then its called cystitis, if the bacterium is in the kidney then its called pyelonephrites, if its in urine the term bacteriuria is used (Getenet B et al., 2011). Manifestation of genitourinary tract infection vary from mild symptomatic cystitis to pyelonephrites and finally to septicaemia. Pyelonephrites are the sequelae of untreated or inadequately treated lower UTI and the most common cause of hospital admission during pregnancy and which lead to preterm labour(Jamie et al .,2002). Urinary tract infections are further divided into complicated and uncomplicated infections. Uncomplicated infections are those with no prior instrumentations and complicated infections are those that have done instrumentations such as indwelling, urethral catheters and it include structural and functional abnormalities (Getnet B et al., 2011). Again UTI is classified as community acquired and hospital acquired (nosocomial). In community acquired UTI single species of bacteria is found and the organisms are Escherichia coli, P.mirabilis, Pseudomonas. Hospital acquired UTI is often due to multi drug resistant strain in this similar organism but greater preponderance of Streptococci or Klebsiella is seen (Sujit K Chaudhuri., 2001). Defnition of the precise terms in Urinary Tract Infection: Significant bacteriuria It is defined as the presence of 100000 bacteria per mL of urine. Asymptomatic bacteriuria It is defined as significant bacteriuria in infected patients with the absence of symptoms Cystitis It is defined as a syndrome of frequency, dysuria, urgency in which the infection is limited to bladder and urethra. Urethral syndrome In Urethral syndrome a conventional pathogen is present and its a syndrome of dysuria, frequency in the absence of significant bacteriuria. Acute pyelonephrites It is an acute infection in one or both the kidneys. Chronic pyelonephrites It may be due to the continuous excretion of bacteria from kidney or the recurring infection of the renal cell or due to a specific pathology of both kidneys. Relapse and reinfection Relapse is defined has the recurrence of infection by the same organism which intiated original infection. Reinfection is defined as the recurrence of infection by a new organism (Roger walker et al., 2003). Several studies have demonstrated geographical variability of Pathogens occurrence among UTI inpatient and outpatient is limited by the predominance of gram negative organisms. The most frequent pathogen isolated is Escherichia coli which accounts for about 50% to 90% of all uncomplicated infections (Tampekar et al., 2006). In complicated urinary tract infection and hospitalized patients, organisms such as Enterococcus faecalis and highly resistant gram negative rods including Pseudomonas are most common (Getenet B et al., 2011). Aetiology and microbiology: The most common causative organism of uncomplicated UTI is Escherichia coli accounting more than 85% cases, followed by staphylococcus saprophyticus (coagulase-negative staphylococcus) accounting to nearly 15%. The pathogens in complicated UTI or nosocomical infections are Escherichia coli accounting 50%, Proteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococci and Enterococci (Barbara et al., 2008). A very rare cause of urinary tract infection includes anaerobic bacteria and fungi and sometimes viruses which are detected by culture and nucleic acid amplification method. Abnormalities of the urinary tract such congenital anomalies of ureter, renal stones, enlargement of prostrate in men are other causes for urinary tract infection (Roger walker et al., 2003). Pathophysiology of UTI: (Barbara et al., 2008) The urinary tract includes two pairs of kidneys, ureter, bladder and urethra. Urinary tract infection are defined as infections at any level of the urinary tract which include, Upper urinary tract infection (Pyelonephrites) Lower urinary tract infection ( Cystitis, Urethritis) Combination of above two The bacteria causing UTIs originate from bowel flora of the host. It can be acquired via three possible routes Ascending Haematogenous Lymphatic pathways In females the short length of the urethra and proximity to the perirectal area lead to the colonization of bacteria. The organisms enter the bladder from urethra and multiply and can ascend the ureters and ascend to the kidneys. Factors that determine the development of urinary tract infections are The size of the inoculums Virulence of the microorganisms Competency of the natural host defense mechanisms. Important virulence factors of bacteria are their ability to adhere to urinary epithelial cells by fimbriae. Others include haemolysin, a cytotoxic protein produced by bacteria which lyses a large range of cells including erythrocytes, monocytes, and polymorph nuclear leukocytes. Clinical presentation: Pain or burning when you using bathroom Fever, tiredness or shakiness An urge to use the bathroom often and often Pressure in the lower belly Urine that smells bad and looks cloudy or reddish Nausea or back pain Lower urinary tract infection Dysuria, urgency, nocturia, Increased frequency of urination Upper urinary tract infection Fever, flank pain, vomiting malaise. Clinical investigation: (Roger walker et al., 2003) Laboratory diagnosis is successful when an uncontaminated urine sample is obtained for microscopy and culture. The respective patients need to instruct to produce mid stream urine sample (MSU) and then its collected into a sterile aliquot and then transferred into the specimen pot and finally is submitted to the laboratory. Dipsticks It is a rapid testing for urinary blood, nitrites, proteins and leukocyte esterase. The colour changes are assessed. Microscopy It is the first step in the diagnosis of urinary tract infections. Urine is placed on a slide and then covered with a cover slip and is examined under lens 40x. Culture The patients urine is streaked in agar medium and is incubated for 24 hours at 370C and identify the single bacterial species which as initiated the particular infection. Treatment of UTI: Non specific treatment Urinary tract infected patients are advised to drink a lot of fluids, this practice is on the basis that the bacteria is removed by frequent bladder emptying. Urinary analgesics such sodium citrate which will alkanize urine is used with antibiotics as an adjunct therapy (Roger walker et al., 2003). Pharmacological treatment of UTI Antibiotics are commonly used in Urinary tract infections. The modes of action of antibiotics may be, Inhibition of Bacterial Cell Wall Synthesis Inhibition of Cytoplasmic Membrane Function Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis Inhibition of Protein Synthesis Control of Microbial Enzymes Substrate Competition with an Essential Metabolite (Barar F. S. K., 2007) UTI are mainly treated with broad spectrum Cephalosporins, Fluroquinolones, and Aminoglycosides. Cephalosporins are cell wall inhibitors which are commonly used for treating urinary tract infections caused by Gram negative organisms. It include Cefotaxime, Cephradine, Ceftazidime etc. Flouroquinolones act by inhibiting the activity of DNA gyrase and topo isomerase which are the enzymes needed for bacterial DNA replication and it includes Ciprofloxacin, Ofloxacin, Enoxacin. Aminoglycoside act by inhibiting bacterial protein synthesis it include Gentamycin, Kanamycin, Amikacin etc (Farhat Ullah et al., 2009). Oral therapy in urinary tract infection is Sulphonamides example (TMP-SMX) PenicillinS which include Ampicillin, Amoxicillin- clavulanic acid. Cephalosporins example Cephalexin, Cephadrine. Tetracyclines example Doxycycline, Minocycline. Fluroquinolones example Levofloxacin, Nitrofurantine. Parentral therapy is done with Carbapenems example Imipenem-Cilastatin. Aminglycosides example Amikacin, Gentamycin (Barbara et al., 2008). 2.9 Treatments of infections of urinary tract: (S.D Seth et al., 1999) Treatment of Lower Urinary Tract Infections Single-dose Trimethoprim -Sulphamethoxazole (400mg+2g) are used to treat acute uncomplicated episode of cystitis. Acute urethritis can be treated with Doxycycline 100 mg twice a day for 7 days. Single dose therapy must be restricted in patients where symptoms are present for less than 10 days. In more complicated cases seven days therapy with antibiotics should be given and alternatively broader spectrum antibiotics are used. Treatment of upper Urinary Tract Infections 10-14 day course of Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole, Trimethoprim in a single dose, Cephalosporins, or Aminoglycoside gives adequate therapy. If recurrence occurs then the patient should be investigated for calculi and other urologic disease. Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections during Pregnancy Acute cystitis during pregnancy is treated with Amoxicillin, Nitrofurantoin,or Cephalosporin for 4 days. Acute pyelonephtites is managed generally with Cephalosporin or extended spectrum Penicillin. Treatment for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infections In this a drug capable of achieving high tissue concentration is needed.7-14 days high treatment is given. Treatment of Asymptomatic Infections Asymptomatic bacteriuria is confirmed by a minimum of two positive cultures. An oral therapy for 1 week with the most sensitive agent is given primarly. Treatment for Catheter Associated Urinary Tract Infection Asymptomatic bacteriuria in catheterized patients is not treated if they are not at a high risk of sepsis. Treatment for Prostatitis The pathogen found in this is mainly Gram Negative Bacilli. Trimethoprim- Sulphamethoxazole, Erythromycin, Ciprofloxacin can penetrate prosthetic tissue and are mostly effective. If Cocci are found cloxacillin may be given. Chemoprophylaxis of Urinary Tract Infections It is indicated to patients with a very frequent symptomatic infection. A single dose Trimethoprim-Sulphamethoxazole (80mg TMP+400 mg SMZ) or Nitrofurantoin (50 mg) is found to be effective. Drug resistance: (Michelle.A.Clark et al., 2012), (Barar F.S.K 2010). Bacteria are said to be resistant to an antibiotic if the maximal level of that antibiotic which can be tolerated by the host does not alter the bacterial growth. Bacterial resistance to antibiotics may be either Natural or Acquired. Natural resistance Natural resistance is genetically determined and it depends upon the absence of a metabolic process which is affected by the respective bacteria. Acquired resistance Acquired resistance is the resistance which is seen in a previously sensitive bacterial pathogen and it involves a very stable genetic change which is heritable from one generation to another generation. The common mechanism is by mutation, adaptation, or by the development of multiple drug resistance which is as a result of transfer of genetic material from bacteria to bacteria by transformation, transduction, or conjugation. Microbial species which are normally responsive to a particular drug may develop more virulent, resistant strains due to, Genetic alterations Spontaneous mutations of DNA DNA transfer of drug resistance B) Altered expression of proteins in organism Modification of target site Decreased accumulation Enzymtic Inactivation A) Genetic alterations Acquired antibiotic is due to the temporary or permanent alteration of organisms genetic information. Spontaneous mutation of DNA Chromosomal alteration occurs by insertion or substitution of one or more nucleotides within the genome. The mutation may be lethal to the cells. If the cells survive it will replicate and transmit its mutated properties to other cells. DNA transfer of drug resistance It occurs due to DNA transfer from one bacterium to other. Resistance gene are plasmid mediated and can be incorporated into host bacterial DNA. B) Altered expression of proteins in organism It occurs by variety of mechanisms, such as a lack of or alteration in target site, increased efflux of the drug or by the expression of antibiotic inactivating enzymes. Modification of target sites The change in the antibiotic target site through mutation can lead to resistance. Example, S pneumonia resistance to beta lactums involves alteration in one or more of major bacterial penicillin binding protein. Decreased accumulation If the drug is unable to attain access to the site of its action to kill the organisms resistance confers. Enzymic inactivation The ability to destroy antibiotic agent by the pathogen can confer resistance. Antibiotic inactivating enzymes include a) Beta lactamases (Hydrolytically inactivate beta lactum ring of penicillin) b) Acetyl transferases (Transfer an acetyl group to antibiotics) c) Esterases (Hydrolyze the lactone ring of macrolides) Antibiotic tolerance: The term antibiotic tolerance is used when the antibiotic merely inhibits its multiplication and growth but no longer kills the microbial pathogen. Tolerant microbial pathogen starts to grow after antibiotics are stopped. Cross resistance: It is defined as a phenomenon in which bacteria resistant to one drug is resistant to another drug to which the bacteria is not exposed before. Examples are Neomycin and Kanamycin. Prevention of drug resistance: (K.D Tripathy 2006) Indiscriminate and prolonged use of antibiotics should be stopped it will minimise resistant strains so there will be less chance to preferentially propagate Rapidly acting and narrow spectrum antibiotics should be preferred. Broad spectrum is used when a proper one cannot be determined When prolonged therapy is needed use combination of Anti microbial agents Treatment should be intensively done for the infections by organism which develops resistance Example, Staphylococcus aureus. Evaluation of urinary tract pathogen and principles of antibiotic dosing: (Michelle.A.Clark et al., 2012), (Sharma H L et al 2011) The traditional way for the evaluating urinary tract pathogens is urine culture and antibiotic susceptibility testing. The major drawback of current microbiological analysis is time lapse of more than a day (Vesna Ivancic et al., 2008). The five important characteristic which influence frequency of dosing of all antibiotics are, Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) It is the lowest concentration of antibiotic that inhibit bacterial growth. To have effective therapy the clinically obtainable antimicrobial concentration should be greater than MIC. Minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) It is the lowest concentration of antibiotic agent that results in 99.9% decline in colony count after incubation. Concentration dependent killing effect [CDKE] Antibiotics are most effective when higher blood concentration is reached periodically. These bactericidal antibiotics are said to be concentration -dependent killing (CDK). In drugs whose killing action is CDK the extent and rate of killing increases with increase in drug concentration. Examples Amino glycosides, Fluroquinolones. Time dependent killing effect [TDKE] Antibiotics are most effective when the blood concentrations are maintained above the minimum inhibitory concentration for the maximum long duration possible. These bactericidal antibiotics exhibit time -dependent killing (TDK). In drugs whose killing action is (TDK) the activity of antibiotics continue as long as serum concentration are maintained above the minimum inhibitory concentration. Examples Vancomycin, Beta Lactums. Post -antibiotic effect [PAE] A suppression of bacterial growth which is persistent after a brief exposure to antibiotics agents is said to be post-antibiotic effect. In post antibiotic effect the suppression or inhibition of bacterial growth is found even when the bacterial agent is no longer present or its concentration is very less than MIC. Examples of drugs which show significant PAE are Tetracycline, Amino glycosides. The aetiology of UTI and the antibiotic susceptibility of uropathogens have been changing over the past decade. The extensive uses of antibiotics have invariably resulted in the development of resistance which has become major problem in recent years. Antibiotic treatment which are of shorter duration than required, and the treatment administered without considering antibiotic and organism sensitivity as resulted in more resistance in bacterial strains (Mohammed Akram et al., 2007), (Eshwarappa M et al., 2011). To find out the most effective empirical treatment, investigating the epidemiology of UTI is a fundamental approach to guide the expected interventions (Getnet B et al., 2011). Since the distribution of microbial pathogens and their susceptibility is variable regionally and it is necessary to have a knowledge of uropathogens and sensitivity in a particular setting (Muhammed Naeem et al., 2010). The selection of antimicrobial agents require the following knowledge, The organisms identity The organisms susceptibility to particular agent The site of the infection Patient factors The safety of the agent The cost of therapy However, in critically ill patients need immediate treatment i.e. the therapy is initiated soon after specimens for laboratory analysis have been obtained before the culture result and selection of drug is influenced by the site of infection and patients history or by the association of particular organism Prevention and prophylaxis: (Roger Walker et al). Cranberry juice: It has been thought beneficial for the prevention of urinary tract infections. The benefit of drinking cranberry juice instead of antibiotics has reduced resistance of bacteria. Antibiotic prophylaxis: It is indicated to patients who are having reinfections. If the reinfection is after sexual intercourse then after intercourse a single dose of antibiotics is taken. In other cases low dose is beneficial. Patient counselling of UTI: Drinking plenty of clear liquids will keep urine diluted. Good personal hygiene following urination and bowel movements. Cleaning self front to back from vagina to anus. Urinate frequently to wash out bacteria that may be present, avoid holding urine for prolonged periods of time. Urinate after intercourse to wash out bacteria that may have been introduced into the urethra. Avoid wearing tight jeans, wet bathing suites. Present scenario of UTI: New studies reveal that the risk of urinary tract infection is high among boys who has not circumcised and had a visible urethral meatus. Another line of UTI research has indicated that women who are non-secretors of certain blood group antigens may be more prone to recurrent urinary tract infections because the cells lining the vagina and urethra may allow bacteria to attach more easily. Scientists have worked out an effective new approach to treat urinary tract infections (UTIs) by dumping antibiotics. It involves so-called FimH antagonists, which are non antibiotic compounds and would not contribute to the growing problem of pathogens resistant to antibiotics. Barriers to integration: Refugees in new countries Barriers to integration: Refugees in new countries Background 1.1 Settlement of Refugees in Australia Australia has been settling refugees for more than a century. As per official records, settlement history begins in 1839, marking the arrival of Lutherans. Nevertheless, Australia’s modern approach to refugee settlement began with a new national refugee policy in 1977. It has, now, become a designated resettlement country for refugees and it receives a designated number of refugees on annual basis as on the agreement with UNHCR. According to the best estimates available, 2009-10 was the year in which Australia, since becoming an independent nation, passed the 750,000 mark in its intake of refugees and humanitarian entrants. In recent years, the incidents of persecution, conflict, generalized violence and human rights violation have significantly increased in Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, Syria, Iran, Afghanistan, Sri Lanka, and the border between Sudan and South Sudan. Surprisingly Australia has reduced its Refugee and Humanitarian Program to 13, 750 places while there is a considerable gap between resettlement needs and available places worldwide. At this point, it is important to acknowledge current refugee settlement issues in Australia. In general, settlement issues fall into four main categories as follows: In addition to these main categories, if we go further deeper into the context, it is obvious to see another horizon of challenges fall into following areas: Family and Youth Legal and Financial Community Relations Securing a meaningful employment is a truly challenging task among refugees mainly because of their lack of knowledge about Australian work place culture, no prior work experience in Australia, inadequate services to support employment transitions, discrimination, racism, lack of English proficiency, inability to get access to job market, and problems in recognizing overseas skills, experience and qualification. Finding an affordable house becomes a serious issue due to the competition in private rental market. Renting and retaining the house have equal consideration as finding the house. Discrimination and racism appear again as opposing factors. Moreover, financial hardship of refuges, size of families, their lack of Australian rental history, and unawareness about tenancy rights and responsibilities can be said as reasons for housing difficulties during their settlement. Educational barriers are different system of education, different languages, inadequate induction and support, high illiteracy among refugee communities, disruption of schooling for young people and enrollment based on age rather than knowledge. Inconsistency in policies and practices results in ignoring needs of young people with disrupted education. Health issues are normally caused by family separation, their prior experience and trauma, lack of social networks and consequent isolation. All of the above issues (Employment, Housing and Education) negatively affect the health and mental wellbeing of these communities. We can notice a great demand for interpreters in health sector since they are often required in counseling and consultation. Integrational conflicts and cultural shocks attempt to damage family relations and people’s values. For an example, younger ones adapt more readily and it leads to misunderstanding and confusion within families. Parenting becomes more challenging. Cultural clashes affect spousal relationships in a negative way and ends up in separation and divorces. Domestic violence and family breakdowns seem to be common in refugee communities. On the other hand, there are serious concerns about unaccompanied minors and single mothers with many children. When it comes to youth, due to their prior refugee experience, limited education or work experience, cultural dislocation and loss of established social networks lead them to frustration. Resulting frustration has its own dangerous consequences such as involving in illegal activities. Most of the refugees who come from war torn countries see the police as an oppressive authority. This viewpoint often creates misunderstanding between police and refugee communities. Racism does its part to damage this relationship worse than we assume. Refugees are in need for legal advices regarding their visa process, financial arrangements and documentations. Cultural incompetency of legal advisers and refugee’s lack of knowledge of legal systems can be highlighted under this area. Community relations between refugee communities and host communities are influenced by myth about refugees, cultural misunderstanding, discrimination and racism. These factors prevent both communities to create wider interactions for better understanding between them. Without a positive cooperation from local community, it is difficult to succeed in settlement. All these main categories and areas of settlement issues repeatedly highlight a gap between refugee communities and local community. And a detachment between refugees and local systems is also visible. These gap and detachment practically become great barriers for a smooth integration and successful settlement of refugees in Australia. 1.3 Problem Analysis Based on our background research on the settlement of refugees in Australia, we developed our initial problem tree. It was used as a draft during expert consultations. Its insightfulness helped us finding missing pieces if information and guided us to further research. Obviously the gap between refugee communities and local community together with local systems directly or either indirectly poses challenges to almost every problem we identified. Therefore, we identified community isolation as our focal problem. Consultation with refugee experts who have refugee backgrounds as well as remarkable experience from working with refugees settling in Victoria, particularly in South East of Melbourne, gave us clear picture of current settlement issues. Some of the case studies based on City of Greater Dandenong showed us a multiple dimensions of already identified problems. Our finalized problem tree, after sorting out the problems, is given below. Public misunderstanding was identified a crucial factor to discrimination. Some of the politicians and media play an important role in creating a negative image for refugees. For an example, if a refugee is accused to be involved in a crime scene, they flash the news by highlighting the background of this particular refugee community and paint a red color on the rest of the community without considering the consequences. In fact, these sort of careless actions widen the gap between local community and refugee communities. It is evident to see lack of confidence among refugees mainly due to cultural alienation, past refugee experience, language incompetency and lack of knowledge of local context and local systems. Considering the cultural alienation, it is happened to be the outcome of difference between the unique characteristics of different cultures. Australians can be identified with individualism, lack of social cohesion and materialism whereas most of the refugee communities can be characterized as collectivist societies. Mutual understanding is necessary to promote better understanding of these differences and that requires considerably a long time. Among the effects of community isolation, identity crisis is something which has profound effect even on other effects either directly or indirectly. But, normally, it doesn’t get enough attention from settlement programs. Acculturation means that members of one cultural group adopt the beliefs and behaviors of a dominant group. It can be reciprocal but in case of refugees it is only one way. It causes loss of separate ethnic identification. People feel a sense of powerlessness as a result. Psychosocial repercussions heavily damage human personality. As a result, refugees look at perceived threats, it can be either real or even imagined, in their lives and recognize it may require resources we don’t have. It includes threats to their social status, social esteem, acceptance within the society and threat to their self-worth. In long time, all these effects create social discord which is not good for both local community and refugee communities. 1.4 Objective Analysis At the end of the objective analysis, we came up with positive results, but not for each of the identified problem statements. We left a question mark for racism as it can’t be directly addressed. Nobody is going to accept that they are racist. Therefore, we decided to better leave it alone in the objective tree and reduce its impact indirectly from promoting public understanding. Objective tree was adjusted with some rearrangements with optimistic conditions. Alternative analysis pointed out the ongoing programs and projects by AMES, state government and other service providers in the area of employment, housing, language, education and future promises to improve current refugee and humanitarian programs. At this point, it is important to acknowledge Community Guides Program, Luv-A-Duck project and Ucan3 Youth Program of AMES as well as its support to social enterprises such as Sorghum Sisters, Cultural Cooks and Global Cafà ©, and support for community initiatives. We noticed lack of attention on the refugees’ rights and their cultural validity. It was finally decided to promote community engagement by increasing the level of confidence among refugees and creating social embrace with public understanding. Community Engagement will create cultural validity for refugee communities by providing them greater opportunities for social networking. Mutual understanding between local community and refugee communities would have positive impact in long-term and that would consequently bring social harmony in the City of Greater Dandenong.

Media hollywood Essay

The media, and Hollywood in particular, represent one avenue in which the general public becomes familiar with the role of nurses. How does the media positively or negatively influence the public’s image of nursing? What other avenues may better educate the general public on the role and scope of nursing as well as the changing health care system? In Media, the portraying of nurses vary inaccurately in front of the viewing audience. The dominant image of nurse has always remained stereotype to majority of the viewers. In television nurses are tend to be just helpers of the physician in hospital but in actual life and situation its totally different. In TV serial named Grey anatomy and house it is represented that nurse are helpless , incompetent and physician are given a heroic image as representing triage medicine administration , providing psychosocial support , but in real world , it’s the nurse who do the above stated factor. However the grey anatomy doesn’t mention anything about it , its nurse a who has a prime role in giving a total patient care and to be with patient 24 * 7 The medical media drama has always shown physician as a dominant , at top notch equivalent to god and saving life of patient and nurses are relatively low skilled and differential to physician. As nurse are set to be feminine extremes as categortrized into naughty nurse and in thoughtful words of X description. But in contrary its reverse and nurse are seen autonomous in decision making for nurses expertise in medicine, public health and advance research. Experts have an understanding that media just undermine nursing profession and do not focus in health development issues and action in relation to it. As only government and university conceptualize it in last. In today highly equipped media world, nursing focus many issue like staff shortage, poor working condition, low pay in high responsibility environment and many more which is not visualized. The factors has totally undervalued nurses looking at them as uneducated.

Case: The Law Offices of Jeter, Jackson, Guidry and Boyer Essay

The issues that are presented in this case study are not uncommon problems that happen in the working environment. It was clear from the case that the partners in the law firm worked from a style of collaboration and meeting to understand the needs of their employees. However, their growth left them needing someone to take over the day to day, yet important operations of the organization like human resources, and marketing. The partners decided to create a General Operations Manager. The partners hired someone who had a background as a longtime administrator from the insurance industry seeking a final career change. This person’s leadership style was autocratic which means â€Å"the leader makes decisions on his or her own and then announces those decisions to the group† (Bateman and Snell). Hiring a person with this type of leadership style placed the firm in jeopardy of losing excellent employees and clients. As the case stated the law firm did lose clients. When the partners learned about the problems, the new General Operations Manager told them it was normal activity for what was taking place, and that they should just wait it out. This suggestion of sit back and wait given by the GM Brad Howser put a persona out to the partners that more clients would come and the employee morale would not remain low. The partners should not sit back and wait as Brad Howser has instructed them to do. Sitting back and waiting could destroy the company quicker then it took to build it up. This could cause more clients to leave the company and employees to leave the company. The partners needed to step in and develop a plan of how to address the issues that have developed since Brad Howser has taken the GM position. First, they needed to meet with Brad Howser and express their concern about losing clients and the sinking morale among their employees. This will require explaining to Brad Howser that their desired organizational culture, one that is caring, compassionate and respectful to everyone they serve. Another issue to bring up is that the autocratic leadership style Brad presents is not matching their mission and values of the company. They will need to give Brad a chance to change or leave, just as he presented the same information to the employees if they didn’t want to change. If he chooses to stay, he will need to overturn the rules he implemented. The partners must provide Brad with their vision for the company and the initial goal of hiring of a GM for Operations, which is to help manage the different offices and to continue to grow each year. They should also reinstate flex hours for employees and at the same time reinforce their importance to the firm. Having happy employees are far more productive then having unhappy employees. Brad will have to be educated on the different tasks of the jobs to know that they are not required to be done during specific hours. Finally, to finish cleaning up the disaster created, each client will need to be contacted that received one of Brad’s letters to pay up. This will cause the partners to apologize to and ensure to their customers that this will never hap pen again. They will also have to convince their clients into coming back to their company. The leadership style needed for a General Manager-Operations position is a style that can handle participation and collaboration. A style that incorporates these characteristics is called a transformational leader. â€Å"Transformational leaders get people to transcend their personal interests for sake of the larger community† (Bateman and Snell). The transformational leader will bring excitement to a company because they have the following qualities charisma, individualized attention, the ability to delegate challenging work to deserving people, keep lines of communication open and provide one-on-one mentoring to develop people. They will also bring the following skills to a vision of where they want to take the problem presented; the ablity to communicate their vision to the all the parties involved, build trust with employees and executives and hold a positive self-regard. A person in this job that is able to be dig into the weeds and find out way to lean out the company pr ocesses. They are also able to communicate about the changes being made and why they need to be made. Also the leader must be able to meet their employees where they are and figure out how to grow them as the company grows. A leader is not a stranger to hard work and putting their needs on the back burner. The leadership style I would pick for myself would be a mix of Transformational and Transactional and this person can â€Å"achieve set goals by acting within established procedures and standards. This leader assigns specific, well-defined tasks to subordinates and requires that they fulfill their responsibilities and meet standards precisely as prescribed or agreed upon† (Inc). Transactional leadership styles are good at improving processes, setting up rules and regulations and leaning out the resources used by the company. A person with this leadership style will be good at managing smaller operations and developing areas. In transformational I like to have a vision and mission for what I am currently trying to work towards. In my work place I want everyone around me to know what the vision is that we are working towards. I can be a mix of both of these depending on the situation I would be placed in. I would seek jobs in management in the technology field, military and logistics areas. Jobs that I would avoid are ones that put me in power over large groups of people like president of the country, CEO of a company and a person who is willing to make sacrifices in pursuit of the dreams they articulate in speeches. Being a public figure is not a good job for someone with these leadership styles. I believe all leadership styles can be used in various situations but you have to find a style or styles that best fit your life balance. Works Cited Bateman, Thomas S and Scott A Snell. Management Leading & Collaborating in a Competive World. New York: The McGraw-Hill Irwin , 2013. Inc, Human Metrics. Leadership Styles . 20 January 2013 .